Anthropological Archaeology 2PA3 Midterm 1
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Questions and Answers

Which field of anthropology focuses on the study of human language?

  • Cultural anthropology
  • Linguistic anthropology (correct)
  • Archaeology
  • Biological anthropology

    • What does archaeology study?

  • Modern human culture
  • Ideas, symbols, and mental structures
  • Human language
  • Remains left behind by past peoples (correct)

    • What is the ideational perspective in anthropology?

  • A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior
  • The study of humans and related extant/extinct species
  • The study of modern human culture
  • A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior (correct)

    • What is the adaptive perspective in anthropology?

    <p>A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main branches of anthropology?

    <p>Biological, cultural, and linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after testing the hypothesis in the scientific method?

    <p>Step 6: Reject, revise, and/or retest hypotheses as necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of the scientific method?

    <p>Step 1: Define a relevant problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the First Four Scientific Methods

    <p>1 = Define a relevant problem 2 = Establish one or more hypotheses 3 = Determine the empirical implications of the hypotheses 4 = Collect appropriate data through observation and/or experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List out the 6 steps for the Scientific Method

    <p>Define, Establish, Determine, Collect, Test, Reject Revise Retest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the levels of theory

    <p>Low-level theory = Observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work Middle-level theory = Hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them High-level theory = Theory that seeks to answer large “why” questions blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Levels of Theory are required for High-Level Theory

    <p>Low and Middle Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the historical context to the right period

    <p>Antiquity = King Nabonidus of Babylon Middle Ages = Christian mindset Renaissance = Printing Press Enlightenment = Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the correct description to the individual found in the Enlightenment Period

    <p>Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign = Discovery of Rosetta stone Boucher de Perthes = Discovered ancient stone tools along with bones of extinct animals in France Charles Lyell = Theory of uniformitarianism Christian Jürgensen Thomsen = Stone Age &gt; Bronze Age &gt; Iron Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Charles Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism:

    <p>What happened in the past follows uniform processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Alfred Vincent Kidder Known for ?

    <p>Studied the evolution of ceramic technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lewis Binford came up with processualism

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ian Hodder defended Processualism

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Definition to the term

    <p>Landscape = Material manifestation of the relation between humans and their environments Seasonal Round = Hunter-gatherers’ movements to different places on a landscape, usually on a seasonal basis, according to available resources balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their definitions

    <p>Remote Sensing = Photographic and geophysical techniques that use some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological target Magnetometry = A remote sensing technique that measures the strength of magnetism between the earth’s magnetic core and a sensor Soil Resistivity = A remote sensing technique that monitors the electrical resistance of soils Ground-Penetrating Radar = A remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike anomalous features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition for a Geographic Information System (GIS)

    <p>Computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can Magnetometry and Ground-Penetrating Radar find?

    <p>ditches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between In stui and Ex stiu?

    <p>In situ (in position)- The original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited Ex situ - Away from the original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term to the definition

    <p>Provenience = Artefact’s location within a site Context = The relationship of an artefact, ecofact, or feature to other artefacts, ecofacts, features, and layers within a site balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant remains and bone fragments from archaeological sites is called ____?

    <p>Flotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Prevention Bias?

    <p>Environmental conditions dictate the preservation of organic material to become fossils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of things can Soil Resistivity find?

    <p>Can find buried walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Site Formation Processes to their definitions.

    <p>Plow zone = all artifacts in situ may be totally reworked Pit features = can also disturb layers Faulting = once layer falls down creates a sink- more falls down Discard Tools, clothing, structures = everything eventually breaks or wears out and is discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the site formation processes with their definitions.

    <p>Loss Other things = such as an arrow that misses its target or a necklace or pot left at an abandoned camp. Catching Still = others are intentionally catched Ritual Interment Burials = and their associated grave goods blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the Site Formation Processes, PPFDLCR

    <p>Plow zone, pit features, discard, loss other things, catching still, ritual interment burials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of superposition?

    <p>any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their definitions

    <p>Law of Superposition = any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom Index Fossils = particularly useful to establish a relative date Seriation = Orders artefacts “in a series” from oldest to youngest Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seriation orders artefacts “in a series” from _____ to ______

    Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to the definitions.

    <p>Radiocarbon Dating = Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials Old Wood Problem = A potential problem in which old wood has been scavenged and reused at a later archaeological site Trapped Charge Dating = Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation Potassium-Argon Dating = Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the 2 effects of the Old Wood Problem

    <p>Reservoir Effect and de Vries Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to the definitions.

    <p>Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere de Vries Effects = Fluctuations in the atmosphere’s Carbon-14 content blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe what Trapped Charge Dating is.

    <p>Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe what potassium-argon dating is

    <p>Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    describe what radiocarbon dating is.

    <p>Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the definition to its term.

    <p>Relative Dating = Dates expressed relative to one another based on the law of superposition and stratigraphic principles Absolute Dating = A date expressed in specific units of scientific measurement, such as days, years, centuries, or millennia blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Typology is objective, explicit, reproducible, and systematic arrangement of artefacts into “types”

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the Classification Types

    <p>Morphological, Temporal, Functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to the definitions

    <p>Morphological = Focuses on shape and size Temporal = Is a time marker for a certain time or place Functional = A class of artefacts that performed the same function blank = blank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Functional type of artifact discussed in class?

    <p>Mousterian Scrapers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the case study Mousterian Scrapers originate?

    <p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is the frision effect?

    <p>Artefact’s original shape can change considerably through resharpening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the definitions to their terms

    <p>Culture Areas = large areas primarily defined by the foods people consumed Phases = consist of different components Components = various sites in a region Assemblages = a group of artifacts recovered from a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions

    <p>Archeology = The study of remains left behind by past peoples across the globe Biological = The study of humans and related extant/extinct species Cultural = The study of modern human culture Lingustic = The study of human language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term to its definition

    <p>Ideational Perspective = A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior Adaptive Perspective = A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the difference between an artifact and an ecofact.

    <p>Artifact : An artifact is any object made by a human being.<br /> Ecofact: is any organic material that has been recovered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the ____ layer is on top and the _____ on the bottom

    <p>youngest , oldest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ water/compacted soil the ____ resistance to electrical currents

    <p>more,less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is the middle-ground between processualism and post- processualism and founded by _______

    <p>Processual-Plus, Michelle Hegmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ sorting of processed bulk soil / sediment samples for tiny artefacts / ecofacts

    <p>hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Moundbuilder Myth

    <p>Argued that Native Americans were capable building burial mounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of _____ can allow archaeologists to uncover ______ artefacts /ecofacts like pieces of charcoal, burned seeds, bone splinters, etc

    <p>sieves , extremely small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anthropology Overview

    • Linguistic anthropology studies human language and its social, cultural, and historical contexts.
    • Archaeology examines past human societies through material remains and artifacts.

    Theoretical Perspectives in Anthropology

    • The ideational perspective emphasizes the role of ideas, symbols, and mental concepts in shaping human behavior.
    • The adaptive perspective focuses on how humans adapt to their environments, influencing cultural practices and behaviors.

    Branches of Anthropology

    • There are three primary branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology, archaeological anthropology, and biological anthropology.

    Scientific Method Steps

    • The first step of the scientific method involves making observations and asking questions.

    • After testing a hypothesis, the next step is to analyze the results and draw conclusions.

    • The first four steps of the scientific method typically include:

      • Observation
      • Hypothesis formulation
      • Experimentation
      • Analysis

    • Six steps of the scientific method include:

      • Question
      • Research
      • Hypothesis
      • Experiment
      • Analysis
      • Conclusion

    Levels of Theory

    • High-level theory requires integration of various levels of theory, including empirical, mid-range, and grand theories.

    Historical Context and Enlightenment Period

    • Historical contexts are matched with respective periods, highlighting significant developments.
    • Key figures from the Enlightenment period can be described based on their contributions to thought and philosophy.

    Key Theories and Contributions

    • Charles Lyell introduced uniformitarianism, positing that geological processes are uniform over time.
    • Alfred Vincent Kidder is known for his contributions to archaeology, particularly in the study of Southwestern United States prehistory.
    • Lewis Binford developed processualism, advocating a scientific approach to archaeology.
    • Ian Hodder defended processualism, bridging it with post-processualism.

    Archaeological Techniques and Definitions

    • Geographic Information System (GIS) is a method for analyzing spatial data for archaeological purposes.
    • Magnetometry and Ground-Penetrating Radar can locate underground features and artifacts.
    • The terms "in situ" and "ex situ" differentiate between objects found in their original context versus those moved from their context.
    • Fluid suspension techniques recover microremains like burned plant debris and tiny bone fragments from sites.

    Site Formation and Processes

    • Soil resistivity methods help locate buried archaeological features.
    • Site formation processes include:
      • Post-depositional changes
      • Preservation factors
      • Disturbance events
      • Land-use practices
      • Climate effects
      • Resource availability

    Superposition and Seriation

    • The law of superposition states that in undisturbed layers, the oldest materials are at the bottom, and the newest are at the top.
    • Seriation organizes artifacts from oldest to newest, illustrating changes over time.

    Analytical Techniques

    • The Old Wood Problem can introduce bias in dating, affecting age estimations.
    • Trapped Charge Dating measures the accumulated charge in minerals to date findings.
    • Potassium-argon dating involves measuring the decay of radioactive potassium to date volcanic rocks.
    • Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of organic materials using decay rates of carbon isotopes.

    Classification and Artifact Analysis

    • Typology is a systematic arrangement of artifacts into categories based on objective characteristics.
    • Classification types include functional, stylistic, and temporal categories.
    • Functional types of artifacts serve specific purposes, e.g., tools or containers.
    • Mousterian Scrapers, from the Mousterian culture, are associated with Europe and the Neanderthals.

    Comparing Artifacts and Ecofacts

    • Artifacts are human-made items, while ecofacts are natural remains that provide information about past environments.
    • In geological layers, the upper layer is the most recent, while the lower layer is the oldest.

    Processualism and Post-Processualism

    • A middle-ground approach between processualism and post-processualism emphasizes both scientific methods and subjective human experiences.
    • Techniques involve sorting processed soil samples to recover fine artifacts and ecofacts.

    Myths and Archaeological Discoveries

    • The Moundbuilder Myth refers to misconceptions about the builders of earthen mounds in North America being ancient civilizations unrelated to Native Americans.
    • Archaeological techniques allow for the discovery of small artifacts and ecofacts through careful processing and screening of soil samples.

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