Anthropological Archaeology 2PA3 Midterm 1

Linguistic anthropology

Remains left behind by past peoples

A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior

A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior

Biological, cultural, and linguistic

Step 6: Reject, revise, and/or retest hypotheses as necessary

Step 1: Define a relevant problem

1 = Define a relevant problem 2 = Establish one or more hypotheses 3 = Determine the empirical implications of the hypotheses 4 = Collect appropriate data through observation and/or experimentation

Define, Establish, Determine, Collect, Test, Reject Revise Retest

Low-level theory = Observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work Middle-level theory = Hypothesis that links archaeological observations with the human behavior or natural processes that produced them High-level theory = Theory that seeks to answer large “why” questions blank = blank

Low and Middle Level

Antiquity = King Nabonidus of Babylon Middle Ages = Christian mindset Renaissance = Printing Press Enlightenment = Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign

Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign = Discovery of Rosetta stone Boucher de Perthes = Discovered ancient stone tools along with bones of extinct animals in France Charles Lyell = Theory of uniformitarianism Christian Jürgensen Thomsen = Stone Age > Bronze Age > Iron Age

What happened in the past follows uniform processes

Studied the evolution of ceramic technology

True

False

Landscape = Material manifestation of the relation between humans and their environments Seasonal Round = Hunter-gatherers’ movements to different places on a landscape, usually on a seasonal basis, according to available resources balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2

Remote Sensing = Photographic and geophysical techniques that use some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological target Magnetometry = A remote sensing technique that measures the strength of magnetism between the earth’s magnetic core and a sensor Soil Resistivity = A remote sensing technique that monitors the electrical resistance of soils Ground-Penetrating Radar = A remote sensing technique in which radar pulses directed into the ground reflect back to the surface when they strike anomalous features

Computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data

ditches

In situ (in position)- The original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited Ex situ - Away from the original place where an artefact, ecofact, or feature was deposited

Provenience = Artefact’s location within a site Context = The relationship of an artefact, ecofact, or feature to other artefacts, ecofacts, features, and layers within a site balnk 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2

Flotation

Environmental conditions dictate the preservation of organic material to become fossils

Can find buried walls

Plow zone = all artifacts in situ may be totally reworked Pit features = can also disturb layers Faulting = once layer falls down creates a sink- more falls down Discard Tools, clothing, structures = everything eventually breaks or wears out and is discarded

Loss Other things = such as an arrow that misses its target or a necklace or pot left at an abandoned camp. Catching Still = others are intentionally catched Ritual Interment Burials = and their associated grave goods blank = blank

Plow zone, pit features, discard, loss other things, catching still, ritual interment burials

any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom

Law of Superposition = any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited as layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on the bottom Index Fossils = particularly useful to establish a relative date Seriation = Orders artefacts “in a series” from oldest to youngest Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere

Radiocarbon Dating = Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials Old Wood Problem = A potential problem in which old wood has been scavenged and reused at a later archaeological site Trapped Charge Dating = Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation Potassium-Argon Dating = Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time

Reservoir Effect and de Vries Effects

Reservoir Effect = Organisms can take in carbon from a source that is depleted of or enriched in Carbon-14 relative to the atmosphere de Vries Effects = Fluctuations in the atmosphere’s Carbon-14 content blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2

Absolute dating techniques that rely on the fact that electrons become trapped in minerals’ crystal lattices as a function of background radiation

Potassium-40 is a rare isotope commonly found in volcanic rocks, where it gradually decays into Argon-40 as a function of time

Absolute dating technique that involves measuring the amount of radioactive 14C (Carbon-14) present in organic materials

Relative Dating = Dates expressed relative to one another based on the law of superposition and stratigraphic principles Absolute Dating = A date expressed in specific units of scientific measurement, such as days, years, centuries, or millennia blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2

True

Morphological, Temporal, Functional

Morphological = Focuses on shape and size Temporal = Is a time marker for a certain time or place Functional = A class of artefacts that performed the same function blank = blank

Mousterian Scrapers

Europe

Artefact’s original shape can change considerably through resharpening

Culture Areas = large areas primarily defined by the foods people consumed Phases = consist of different components Components = various sites in a region Assemblages = a group of artifacts recovered from a site

Archeology = The study of remains left behind by past peoples across the globe Biological = The study of humans and related extant/extinct species Cultural = The study of modern human culture Lingustic = The study of human language

Ideational Perspective = A research perspective that focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior Adaptive Perspective = A research perspective that emphasises technology, ecology, demography, and economics as the key factors in defining human behavior blank 1 = blank 1 blank 2 = blank 2

Artifact : An artifact is any object made by a human being.
Ecofact: is any organic material that has been recovered

youngest , oldest

more,less

Processual-Plus, Michelle Hegmon

hand

Argued that Native Americans were capable building burial mounds

sieves , extremely small