Anthraquinones and Their Structure
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Questions and Answers

At what temperature does anthraquinone sublimate?

  • 200-220 oC
  • 160-180 oC (correct)
  • 220-240 oC
  • 100-120 oC

    • What is the color change observed when the sublimate of anthraquinone reacts with alkali?

  • Yellow
  • Blue
  • Green
  • Red (correct)

    • Which acid is used in Borntrager’s test for anthraquinones?

  • Acetic acid
  • Strong sulfuric acid
  • Dilute hydrochloric acid (correct)
  • Concentrated nitric acid

    • What is the result of boiling anthraquinone glycoside with hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Release of anthraquinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical forms are yielded when anthraquinone sublimes?

    <p>Needles or droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name of the plant known as Senna tora?

    <p>Senna tora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Senna tora plant is primarily used for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is NOT listed as a key ingredient found in Senna tora?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized use of Senna tora according to traditional practices?

    <p>Laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family does the Senna tora plant belong to?

    <p>Fabaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary uses of St. John's Wort as an external treatment?

    <p>Astringent to treat wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound in St. John's Wort is linked to photosensitivity?

    <p>Hypericin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can occur when St. John's Wort is used with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Serotonin syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of St. John's Wort?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does St. John's Wort have on the central nervous system when combined with SSRIs?

    <p>Causes muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of drug interaction, what role does St. John's Wort play as an inducer?

    <p>Inducer of CYP450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential gastrointestinal side effect of St. John's Wort?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with serotonin syndrome from St. John's Wort?

    <p>Reduced body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the plant Boraginaceae is primarily used for medicinal purposes?

    <p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is primarily responsible for the red color in the root of Boraginaceae?

    <p>Alkannin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary uses of alkannin and shikonin?

    <p>Natural food colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT associated with Boraginaceae?

    <p>Neurotoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can Boraginaceae roots help treat?

    <p>HIV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant part is used from St. John’s Wort?

    <p>Flowers and leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known application of the Boraginaceae family in cosmetics?

    <p>Lipstick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant role of alkannin and shikonin in medicine?

    <p>Anti-tumor activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using Boraginaceae for external wounds?

    <p>Promotes wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known benefit of Boraginaceae?

    <p>Sedative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common structure found in anthraquinones?

    <p>9,10-dioxoanthracene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones can be found in which of the following plant families?

    <p>Polygonaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the form in which anthraquinones usually occur in plants?

    <p>As glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common structural variation of anthraquinones found in plants?

    <p>Dihydroxy anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycoside is more commonly found in anthraquinones?

    <p>O-glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional groups are predominantly present in the basic structure of anthraquinones?

    <p>Keto groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anthraquinones is an example of an O-glycoside?

    <p>Aloin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what kind of chemical structure do anthraquinones generally exist?

    <p>Dioxo structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of anthraquinones in plants?

    <p>Act as defense compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false regarding anthraquinones?

    <p>They are exclusively found in monocots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition should stimulant laxatives be avoided in?

    <p>Bowel obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive use of stimulant laxatives lead to?

    <p>Loss of electrolytes and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population is the use of stimulant laxatives particularly cautioned?

    <p>Children under 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential metabolic effect of continuous use of stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if symptoms such as abdominal pain and rectal bleeding occur after taking stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Consult a physician immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive condition is specifically mentioned as a contraindication for stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Inflammation of the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important precaution regarding the duration of use for stimulant laxatives?

    <p>They should be used for a maximum of 1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of laxative is specifically classified as a stimulant laxative?

    <p>Irritant laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when using stimulant laxatives?

    <p>Prolonged use beyond the recommended time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quinones

    • Quinones are organic compounds derived from aromatic compounds like benzene, naphthalene, or anthracene.
    • Anthraquinones (AQs) are the most common naturally occurring quinones.
    • AQs are found in both monocots and dicots across various plant families.
    • AQs can exist in free form or as glycosides.

    Structure of Anthraquinones

    • The basic structure of anthraquinone is 9,10-dioxoanthracene.
    • It's derived from anthracene and has two keto groups, typically at positions 9 and 10.
    • Anthraquinones often exist in a reduced form, such as anthrone, anthranol, oxanthrone, or dianthrone.
    • AQs frequently occur in plants as glycosides; oxygen-linked glycosides (O-glycosides) are more common than carbon-linked glycosides (C-glycosides).

    Classification of Anthraquinones

    • Anthraquinones can be classified into several categories based on their structure and characteristics.
      • Anthraquinones: Found in orange-red compounds, typically hydroxylated at positions 1 and 8. Types include: rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, and physcion.
      • Anthrones and Anthranols: Reduced form of anthraquinones. Types include: emodin anthranol, chrysophanol anthranol and chrysophanol. They are isomers and are frequently found in plants.
      • Oxanthrones: Intermediate compounds between anthraquinones and anthrones/anthranols. Types include: Emodin oxanthrones.
      • Aloin-type glycosides: C-glycoside that sugar part linked at C10 of the core structure with a C−C bond. Types include: aloin and chrysaloin.
      • Dianthrones: Derived from two anthrone molecules. Types include: sennidin A, sennidin B, palmidin A, and palmidin B.

    Biosynthesis of Anthraquinones

    • Two major pathways are used for anthraquinones biosynthesis:
      • Acetate pathway
      • Shikimate-mevalonate pathway

    Tests for Anthraquinones

    • Microsublimation test: Anthraquinone sublimates at 160-180°C, forming needles or droplets, and gives a red color with alkali (ammonium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide).
    • Borntrager's test: The sample is boiled with dilute HCl, then extracted with dichloromethane. Adding ammonium hydroxide to the extract results in a pink to red color, indicating the presence of anthraquinone.
    • Modified Borntrager's test: Used for C-type glycosides, a stronger oxidizing agent is required (e.g., peroxide) to hydrolyze the glycoside.

    Pharmaceutical Uses Of Anthraquinones

    • Anthraquinones, especially their aglycone forms in anthrones and anthranols, have stimulant laxative properties due to their effect on colon contractions and water secretion.
    • Anthraquinones also exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, among others.
    • Naphthoquinones (e.g., plumbagin) have antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects.
    • Some anthraquinones are used in traditional medicine as a topical remedies for skin conditions.

    Plant Samples

    • Different plants contain various anthraquinones.
    • Examples include aloe vera, senna, rhubarb, henna, gromwell, alkanna, and St. John's Wort.

    St. John's Wort

    • Contains hypericin and pseudohypericin, which are naphthodianthrones.
    • Also contains prenylated phloroglucinols (e.g., hyperforin) and flavonoids.
    • Used as an antidepressant for mild to moderate depression.

    Discussion Points

    • The different types of anthraquinone compounds found in various plants.
    • The structural variations in plants contributing to the medicinal properties.
    • The different methods of analysis and extraction of these compounds.
    • The importance of plant identification and standardization in herbal medicine.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fascinating world of anthraquinones, including their structure, classification, and natural occurrence. Learn about the organic compounds derived from aromatic sources and their significance in various plant families. Test your knowledge on the nuances of anthraquinones and their glycosidic forms.

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