Anterior Postural Assessment: Face Observation

What is an important aspect to observe when looking at your client's face during anterior postural assessment?

Which of the following is considered abnormal when assessing the face during an anterior postural assessment?

What does the text imply about variations in facial features?

Why is it essential to observe if the client appears to be in pain or relaxed during a postural assessment?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential indicator of abnormality when assessing a client's face?

During anterior postural assessment, it is important to observe your client's face for any signs of ______

The client's face can provide insights into their overall health, including factors like skin tone and whether they appear ______ and nourished

Observing the client's facial expressions can help determine if they are ______ or tired during the assessment

Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment

Spasming or flaccidity in facial muscles is not considered ______ during anterior postural assessment

It is considered normal to have variations in facial features during an anterior postural assessment.

Spasming or flaccidity in facial muscles is considered normal during an anterior postural assessment.

It is essential to observe if the client appears relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.

Skin tone and facial muscle tone are not key indicators of a client's overall health during an anterior postural assessment.

Clenching of the jaw and spasming of facial muscles are considered normal variations during an anterior postural assessment.

An altered head position may always indicate an injury to the neck.

Severe lateral flexion combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of torticollis.

If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position.

An individual spending prolonged periods with their workstation directly in front of them is more likely to exhibit lateral flexion in their head position.

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head.

An altered head position always indicates that a client has sustained a neck injury.

An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______.

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them.

If you were to draw a plumb line between the man’s medial malleoli, between his knees, and through his umbilicus, the position of this man’s head may indicate lateral tilting or shifting his body weight to his ______.

An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______.

Observing the client's facial expressions can help determine if they are relaxed or ______ during the assessment.

What could severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid indicate?

Why is it important to consider the inter-connectedness of the body when observing head position?

In what scenario is rotation or lateral flexion commonly observed in people?

What does an altered head position potentially indicate?

How can drawing a plumb line between specific body points aid in assessing head position?

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.

A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle, which, if prolonged, could contribute to pain in that area. This raises the question, What is the client doing to increase tone in that muscle? Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______.

You might observe atrophied neck muscles when assessing a client who has been immobilized in a collar after ______ trauma.

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.

Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment.

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them.

Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them

You might observe atrophied neck muscles when assessing a client who has been immobilized in a collar after cervical ______

Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______

A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle, which, if prolonged, could contribute to pain in that area. This raises the question, What is the client doing to increase tone in that muscle? Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______

What does sharply angled clavicles indicate?

Why is it normal for the clavicle on the dominant side to be lower than the non-dominant side?

What could uneven contours of the clavicles indicate?

What does a steeper angle of the clavicle indicate when shrugging the shoulders?

What is the significance of observing the AC joint when assessing the clavicles?

Why do smoothly contoured clavicles play a role in assessing shoulder health?

It is normal for the clavicle on the dominant side to be lower than that on the non-dominant side. Uneven contours could indicate a fracture that has healed in mal-alignment, or a more recent injury such as a ruptured ______ joint.

What does sharply angled clavicles indicate? Sharply angled clavicles indicate elevated ______.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.

A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle. Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______.

Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______.

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. How can drawing a plumb line between specific body points aid in assessing head position? Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the ______.

Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

Smoothly contoured clavicles play a role in assessing shoulder health because uneven contours could indicate a fracture that has healed in mal-alignment, or a more recent injury such as a ruptured ______ joint

An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______

What might the elevation of a shoulder in a client indicate?

Why might a client exhibit depression of the shoulder and indentation in the deltoid muscle?

What is a common observation regarding the shoulders of many individuals?

In individuals spending prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side, what observation might be made about their head position?

Why might one clavicle appear more raised than the other in an individual?

The client may elevate a shoulder to protect an injured or painful joint in the shoulder or in the ______

Depression of the shoulder plus indentation in the contour of the deltoid is observed in people with subluxation at the ______ joint

An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

The client's face can provide insights into their overall health, including factors like skin tone and whether they appear ______ and nourished

The text implies that a person's shoulders are always perfectly level and symmetrical.

Elevation of a shoulder is never related to protecting an injured or painful joint.

Subluxation at the glenohumeral joint is not associated with depression of the shoulder and indentation in the deltoid muscle.

Uneven contours of the trapezius muscles can be observed between the left and right sides of individuals in photographs.

A raised clavicle on the left side is never mentioned in the text.

What might be indicated if a client's shoulders are internally rotated, causing the dorsal surface of the hand to be more visible during the anterior assessment?

In individuals with rounded shoulders, what is likely to be tight and contribute to this posture?

What postural issue is often associated with rounded shoulders?

What effect might an internally rotated humerus have on the hands during postural assessments?

Why are rounded shoulders often associated with tightness in the anterior chest muscles?

The woman in the first photograph demonstrates internally rotated shoulders.

A client with rounded shoulders is likely to have tightness in the posterior chest muscles.

Internally rotated shoulders can contribute to impingement of anterior shoulder structures.

Observing facial expressions is crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.

Smoothly contoured clavicles are essential for assessing shoulder health as uneven contours could indicate a recent injury.

A client with rounded shoulders is likely to have tightness in the ______ chest muscles

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while atrophy indicates ______

An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______

If a client's shoulders are internally rotated, causing the dorsal surface of the hand to be more visible during the anterior assessment, it may indicate internal rotation at the ______

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points can aid in assessing head position by helping to identify lateral tilting or shifting of body weight to one ______

What is a potential reason for observing shifts in the thorax as described in the text?

How can one assess potential thoracic shifts in a client based on the text?

What compensatory changes occur when the thorax rotates according to the text?

What does rotating the chest to the right while keeping the head and hips forward help understand, as per the text?

What is a potential cause for lateral curvatures in the spine as mentioned in the text?

Why might a client with thoracic shift not necessarily be suffering from sciatica, according to the text?

The client in the illustration has shifted the thorax and head to the left.

Lateral curvatures in the spine can lead to the same kind of thoracic shift observed in a client with sciatica.

Clenching of jaw and facial muscle spasms are considered normal observations during an anterior postural assessment.

A muscle that appears more prominent suggests a decrease in tone in that muscle.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as scalenes is often observed in individuals with short-term respiratory conditions.

Observing facial expressions is not crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.

To check for shifts in the thorax, ask yourself questions such as, Does the sternum appear in the ______?

When the thorax rotates, compensatory changes occur in the neck and ______ spine.

You can observe the effect rotation of the thorax has on the neck by rotating your chest to the right while keeping your head, neck and hips in the same position, facing forwards, while standing. Notice where you experience an increase in tension. You will find that to keep your head facing forwards as you rotate your trunk to the right, you need to contract the muscles of your neck that rotate your head to the ______.

Shifts of the chest occur for many reasons. For example, the illustration above represents the kind of thoracic shift that is sometimes observed in a client with ______.

Lateral curvatures in the spine as well as muscle imbalances can also contribute to this ______.

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.

What is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm in females according to the text?

Why might an abnormal carrying angle after an elbow fracture affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?

What effect can a carrying angle much greater or smaller than the norm have following an elbow fracture?

In males, what is considered a normal carrying angle according to Levangie and Norkin?

How does the carrying angle differ between males and females based on the information provided?

What is the significance of the carrying angle in the upper body?

Why is an abnormal carrying angle following an elbow fracture concerning?

In what scenario might a client have a carrying angle much different from the norm?

How does the carrying angle differ between males and females according to the text?

What impact can a significantly smaller or larger carrying angle than normal have on an individual?

What angle is formed between the long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the forearm during the carrying angle assessment?

What is the normal carrying angle range in females according to Levangie and Norkin?

How does an abnormal carrying angle following an elbow fracture potentially affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?

What might be a consequence of having a carrying angle much greater than the normal range?

How does a significantly smaller carrying angle compared to the norm impact a person's upper limb function?

Increased bulk in the arm muscles indicates increased use of that limb; decreased bulk or even atrophy indicates ______

An arm held close to the side of the body, or even across the body, indicates protectiveness of that ______

Increased abduction of the arm ties in with step 14, upper limb position, in the posterior postural assessment, indicating the position of the ______

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

Uneven contours of the trapezius muscles can be observed between the left and right sides of individuals in photographs, indicating potential ______

Observing the bulk of the arm muscles can provide insights into the use of that limb.

Increased abduction of the arm indicates a protective stance of that limb.

A client allowing the upper limb to hang loose often suggests a relaxed posture.

Atrophy in the arm muscles is usually a result of increased use of that limb.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions.

Why is it important to pay particular attention to the thumbs and muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence?

What does discolouration in the hands or wrists potentially indicate?

Why is observing abnormalities like swellings or bruising in the hands or wrists important?

What might muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence indicate?

How might swollen, inflamed, and misshapen joints in the fingers indicate a certain condition?

Why is it essential to assess the levelness of the wrist joints?

A detailed analysis of hands and wrists is usually best performed with the client in a ______ position

Notice whether the wrist joints themselves are ______

Obvious muscle wasting may be due to nerve damage or ______

Discolouration can indicate poor blood flow to the extremities, which is common in conditions such as ______

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______

Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______

It is not necessary to observe the hands and wrists in detail when assessing a client for problems in these areas.

Noticing abnormalities like swelling, bruising, or discolouration in the hands or wrists is not significant during an assessment.

Muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence does not indicate possible nerve damage or impairment.

Discolouration in the hands or wrists indicates good blood flow to the extremities.

Rheumatoid arthritis can be identified by normal, non-inflamed joints in the fingers.

Observing the position of fingers is not crucial when assessing clients for hand or wrist problems.

What does a rotated umbilicus to the right potentially indicate?

What is the potential significance of an umbilicus not falling in the midline?

What is a common belief regarding rotation of the umbilicus to the left?

According to therapists, what could be a cause of rotation of the umbilicus to the right?

In postural assessment, rotation of the umbilicus to the left could potentially result in what?

An ______ that does not fall in the midline ties in with rotation of the thorax and pelvis. Some therapists believe that rotation of the ______ to the right indicates a shortening in the iliopsoas muscles on the left, and that rotation to the left results in shortening of the iliopsoas muscles on the right. However, as with each of the steps in your postural assessment, it is important to keep an open mind as to causal factors.

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them

What is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm in females according to the text?

Observing facial expressions is not crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment. Why might an abnormal carrying angle after an ______ fracture affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?

Why is it important to pay particular attention to the thumbs and ______ wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence?

What does a rotated umbilicus to the right potentially indicate in postural assessment?

What is the potential significance of an umbilicus not falling in the midline during postural assessment?

Why is it important to keep an open mind regarding causal factors during postural assessment?

What potential issue might be indicated by observing atrophied neck muscles in a client post-immobilization trauma?

What would a client's face potentially reveal during anterior postural assessment?

What can a lateral tilt in the pelvis correspond with?

In a client who is hip hitched on the right, what could be shorter than the left side?

What position is the right hip likely to be in when a client is hip hitched on the right side?

What muscle may exhibit shortening when a client's right hip is adducted?

In a client with a higher ASIS on the right side, what muscle on the left may be shortened?

A lateral tilt in the pelvis corresponds with a lateral curve in the ______ spine

When a client is hip hitched on the right, with a higher ASIS on that side, the right quadratus lumborum muscle could be shorter than the ______

The right hip will be adducted, whereas the left hip is in an ______ position

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them

Increased bulk in the arm muscles indicates increased use of that limb; decreased bulk or even atrophy indicates ______

A hip hitched to the right side, with a higher ASIS on that side, could indicate a shorter right quadratus lumborum muscle.

If a client has a lateral tilt in the pelvis with one ASIS lower than the other, it corresponds to a lateral curve in the thoracic spine.

When a client is hip hitched to the right, the left hip is adducted and the right hip is abducted.

A lateral tilt in the pelvis can lead to shortening of the gluteus medius muscle on the side with the higher ASIS.

In postural assessment, a higher ASIS on one side of the pelvis always indicates a shorter muscle on the opposite side of the body.

How can rotation of the pelvis affect the feet and knees?

In the posterior postural assessment, what indicates that the whole pelvis is rotated to the right?

How does rotation of the pelvis affect the thorax?

What is the impact on knee orientation when the whole pelvis is rotated to the right?

What happens to the pressure distribution under the feet when there is a normal pelvis with both ASIS aligned?

In the posterior postural assessment, what indicates that the whole pelvis is rotated to the right? Increased pressure on the ______ side of the right foot.

When a client has a lateral tilt in the pelvis with one ASIS lower than the other, it corresponds to a lateral curve in the ______ spine.

If a client's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______.

Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.

In posterior postural assessment, if the whole pelvis is rotated to the right, the knees no longer face forwards.

Rotation of the pelvis does not affect the feet and knees according to the text.

A rotated umbilicus to the right is commonly believed to indicate a postural issue.

Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is not a strong indicator of postural issues.

Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is rarely observed in individuals who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position.

How does pelvic rotation to the left affect the pressure distribution on the feet?

What happens to foot pressure when the pelvis is rotated to the right?

How is foot pressure affected by increased supination?

When rotating to the left, what is the effect of increased inversion of the forefoot?

What is a noticeable effect of pelvic rotation on foot supination?

How does increased pronation influence foot pressure distribution?

Increased supination leads to increased pressure on the ______ side of the foot

A client's pelvis is higher on the ______ side in the photograph

Increased pronation results in equal pressure on the ______ sides of the foot

Rotation of the pelvis to the right causes increased ______ on the lateral side of the foot

You can test the effect pelvic rotation has on the feet by rotating to the left and right and feeling the contact points of the soles of your feet and the ______

Increased pronation leads to equal pressure on the lateral and medial sides of the ______

Why might a client stand in a wide stance according to the text?

What is the purpose of asking a client in a wide stance to stand with their feet together?

Which muscle weakness might lead a client to dislike standing with feet together?

What can standing with feet together help determine about a client according to the text?

Why should a fitness professional observe if a client naturally stands with legs together or in a wide stance?

When a client stands in a wide stance, they create a wide base of support for themselves in order to feel more ______.

Clients who stand in a wide stance may have weak hip adductor muscles relative to their abductor muscles, leading to a feeling of ______.

Standing with feet together can help assess the strength of the hip ______ muscles.

A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.

Standing with feet together can reveal if a client has weak hip adductor muscles and feels ______ in that position.

Clients who stand in a wide stance create a narrow base of support for themselves.

Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip adductor muscles.

Standing in a wide stance indicates strong hip abductor muscles relative to the adductor muscles.

A client standing with feet close together may suggest they have strong hip adductor muscles.

If a client prefers a wide stance, it is always due to feeling balanced and stable.

What does an increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggest?

In the context of muscle bulk assessment, what does atrophy of muscles in a healthy person suggest?

Following a prolonged period of bed rest, what is a common outcome regarding muscle in the lower limb?

Why might observing an increase in bulk in the arm muscles be significant?

What could be inferred from observing atrophy in arm muscles?

An increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggests increased ______ or weight bearing on that side

Atrophy in muscles of the lower limb is common following immobilisation of the limb or a prolonged period of ______ rest

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______

Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______

Structurally, with genu valgum, the muscles of the lateral thigh are ______ relative to the muscles of the medial side of the thigh.

In genu varum, there is increased pressure on the ______ side of the knee joint.

Osteoarthritic changes or degradation of menisci may be more likely to occur on the side of the knee subject to greater ______ forces.

Overstretching of soft tissues is likely on the ______ side of the knee in cases of genu valgum.

In genu valgum, increased pressure on the lateral side of the knee joint may lead to degenerative changes on that side of the knee occurring before degenerative changes on the ______ side of the knee.

With genu varum, the muscles of the medial side of the thigh are ______ relative to the muscles of the lateral thigh.

What structural difference between the thigh muscles is associated with genu valgum?

Which side of the knee joint experiences increased pressure in genu varum?

What is a potential consequence of overstretching soft tissues in the knee due to genu valgum?

Which condition is more likely to cause osteoarthritic changes or meniscal degradation in the knee?

In genu varum, which muscles are structurally shorter relative to the lateral thigh muscles?

In genu valgum, the muscles of the lateral thigh are longer relative to the muscles of the medial thigh.

Genu varum results in increased pressure on the lateral side of the knee joint.

A rotated umbilicus to the right indicates a postural issue.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with short-term respiratory conditions.

Observing abnormalities like swellings or bruising in the hands or wrists is not important according to postural assessment.

Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip abductor muscles.

Because the patellae are housed within the quadriceps tendon, and this in turn is housed in fascia connected to other structures, could an increase in tension in the muscles or the fascia of the medial or lateral sides of the knee (or both) contribute to ______?

For example, could lateral maltracking be due to increased tension in the lateral retinaculum of the knee and the iliotibial band? Could medial maltracking be due to increased tension in the vastus ______?

Patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint are sometimes observed in clients who hyperextend their knees in standing, something you will have looked for in step 3 of your lower body lateral assessment (page 84). Anterior knee pain can sometimes be explained by patellae tilting such that their inferior poles stick into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ______.

Increased pronation results in equal pressure on the ______ sides of the foot.

Overstretching of soft tissues is likely on the ______ side of the knee in cases of genu valgum.

A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.

An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______

Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with ______ respiratory conditions

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

A lateral tilt in the pelvis corresponds with a lateral curve in the ______ spine

An increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggests increased ______ or weight bearing on that side

What is a potential consequence of overstretching soft tissues in the knee due to ______?

What should be the position of the patella in relation to the tibial tuberosity?

Which condition is associated with patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint?

What could contribute to lateral maltracking of the patella?

How can anterior knee pain be related to patellar positioning?

Which structure houses the patellae within the knee?

What could increased tension in the vastus medialis potentially contribute to?

The patella should always point straight ahead with respect to the tibiofemoral joint.

A laterally rotated patella could correspond with a medially rotated femur on that side.

Clients who stand with hyperextended knees often compress the patellae against the femurs, causing them to face straight ahead.

A medially rotated patella could correspond with medial tibial torsion.

Rotation of the femur can cause the patella to no longer face forwards.

A very simple test to assess for tibial torsion is to examine where the fibular tuberosity lies.

A very simple test to assess for tibial torsion is to examine where the ______ lies.

Clients who stand with the knees hyperextended often compress the patellae against the femurs, and the patellae slant downwards rather than facing straight ahead. Consequently, an imaginary headlight from the knees of these clients would illuminate the floor closer to the client than normal. In addition to your postural assessment, you may want to carry out tests to confirm your ______.

A medially rotated patella could correspond with a medially rotated femur on that side, medial tibial torsion or both. Clients who stand with the knees hyperextended often compress the patellae against the femurs, and the patellae slant downwards rather than facing straight ahead. Consequently, an imaginary headlight from the knees of these clients would illuminate the floor closer to the client than normal. In addition to your postural assessment, you may want to carry out tests to confirm your ______.

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______.

Patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint are sometimes observed in clients who hyperextend their knees in standing, something you will have looked for in step 3 of your lower body lateral assessment (page 84). Anterior knee pain can sometimes be explained by patellae tilting such that their inferior poles stick into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ______.

Increased supination leads to increased pressure on the ______ side of the foot.

How can a medially rotated patella correspond in terms of rotation in the femur or tibia?

In what scenario might a laterally rotated patella be observed in a client?

What could cause patellae to slant downwards rather than face straight ahead?

What does the analogy of 'headlights of a car' help in assessing?

What can an anteriorly rotated patella indicate about the femur and tibia?

What is the potential consequence of maltracking of the patella due to an abnormal Q angle?

How might prolonged internal rotation of the tibia contribute to abnormal Q angle in clients?

What could be a likely outcome of increased stress on the knee joint due to abnormal Q angle?

Why might individuals with increased pronation of the foot have an abnormal Q angle?

What does an abnormal Q angle NOT necessarily indicate for a client?

What is the Q angle used for assessing?

Why is measuring the Q angle more accurate when the client is standing?

What causes women to typically have a greater Q angle than men?

What does the Q angle measure the angle between?

What is the typical range for the Q angle in degrees?

Where should a line be drawn from to determine the Q angle?

The Q angle measures the angle between the rectus femoris quadriceps muscle and the ______ tendon.

Women typically have a greater Q angle than men due to a wider ______.

The Q angle is usually around 15 to 20 degrees and is more accurate to measure when the client is ______ rather than supine.

A client with hyperextended knees may compress the patellae against the femurs, causing the patellae to slant downwards rather than face ______.

The Q angle can help predict the likelihood of some knee problems and indicate the need for prophylactic ______.

Drawing a line from the midpoint of the patella to the tibial tuberosity helps determine the Q angle by creating an angle with a line drawn from the patella to the ASIS (anterior superior iliac ______).

An abnormal Q angle could lead to maltracking of the __________

Clients with increased pronation of the foot may have an abnormal Q angle due to internal rotation of the __________

Rotation of the pelvis can result in increased stress on the ________ joint

Anterior knee pain can be explained by patellae tilting into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ________

An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ________

If a client has an abnormal Q angle, it is guaranteed that they will experience knee problems.

Increased pronation of the foot contributes to a higher Q angle due to external rotation of the tibia.

An abnormal Q angle can cause maltracking of the patella, leading to smooth gliding on the femoral grooves.

Microtrauma from an abnormal Q angle can eventually result in patellofemoral cartilage hypertrophy.

Prolonged internal rotation of the tibia due to increased pronation can lead to normal biomechanics and decreased stress on the knee joint.

The Q angle is measured by the angle between the rectus quadriceps muscle and the femoral nerve.

Measuring the Q angle when the client is supine is more accurate than measuring it when the client is standing.

The Q angle varies between individuals but is consistently around 30 degrees for both males and females.

Women typically have a lesser Q angle than men due to differences in pelvis width.

Drawing a line from the midpoint of the patella to the tibial tuberosity creates an angle that helps determine the Q angle.

The Q angle indicates the likelihood of shoulder problems rather than knee problems.

What does lateral tibial torsion produce in terms of foot position?

What could bowing of the tibia indicate?

What is a characteristic associated with medial tibial torsion?

What foot changes are associated with medial tibial torsion per Table 5.3?

What is the characteristic change within the foot itself due to lateral tibial torsion?

What does lateral tibial torsion produce in terms of pressure on the foot?

Bowing of the tibia could indicate osteomalacia or increased compressive forces on the concave side of the bone. Lateral tibial torsion produces the toe-out position and is associated with increased supination with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated and the heel being inverted. Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) feet, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the heel. Table 5.3 summarises this information. Table 5.3 tibial torsion and Corresponding Changes in the Foot lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Overall foot position Toe-out Toe-in Changes within the foot itself There is increased supination, the heel is inverted, and the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated. There is increased pronation, the heel is everted, and the medial longitudinal arch is decreased.

Look at the leg now and compare the tibial tuberosities. Use them to determine whether there is any tibial torsion. There is usually a slight lateral rotation of the tibiae, corresponding with a turned-out foot position. Also look at the shape of the tibiae and whether either is bowed. Lower Body What Your Findings Mean.

Bowing of the tibia could indicate osteomalacia or increased compressive forces on the concave side of the bone. Lateral tibial torsion produces the toe-out position and is associated with increased supination with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated and the heel being inverted.

Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) ______, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the heel.

Table 5.3 summarises this information. Table 5.3 tibial torsion and Corresponding Changes in the Foot lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Overall foot position Toe-out Toe-in Changes within the foot itself There is increased ______, the heel is inverted, and the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated.

There is increased ______, the heel is everted, and the medial longitudinal arch is decreased.

What might an observer infer from a client demonstrating eversion during the assessment of the ankles?

In the context of the text, why is it important to check for any swelling or discolouration around the ankles?

What may rolling in onto the medial side of the foot suggest during ankle assessment?

Why is it crucial for ankles to have their medial and lateral malleoli level with each other during observation?

Based on the text, what could a significant increase in space between the medial side of the foot and the floor indicate?

Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______

A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.

Increased pronation leads to equal pressure on the lateral and medial sides of the ______

Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______

In genu varum, which muscles are structurally shorter relative to the lateral thigh muscles?

What is the main purpose of observing the ankles for eversion or inversion during a postural assessment?

What would it mean if a client is observed rolling in onto the medial side of their foot during a postural assessment?

In what condition might observing eversion during an ankle assessment be expected?

Why should a postural assessor check for swelling or discoloration around the ankles?

If a client appears to be rolling out with greater pressure on the outside of the foot during an assessment, what implication might this have?

Feet turned out in a ballet-type stance could result from external rotation at the hip joint, lateral tibial torsion or both. External hip rotation could indicate shortening of the gluteus maximus and the posterior fibers of the gluteus medius, along with the iliotibial band. A client who stands with her feet turned inwards (pigeon-toed) may have shortened internal rotators of the hip, a medially rotated tibia or both. Table 5.4 summarises this information. Toe-out position Toe-in position Possible position of the hip joint Externally rotated Internally rotated Possible position of the tibia Lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Muscles that might be shortened External rotators of the femur; iliotibial band Internal rotators of the femur

Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip adductor muscles.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions.

The patella should always point straight ahead with respect to the tibiofemoral joint.

Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while atrophy indicates ______.

Rheumatoid arthritis can be identified by normal, non-inflamed joints in the fingers.

Feet should be positioned turned out to the same angle, equidistant from an imaginary plumb line.

A client who stands with her feet turned inwards (pigeon-toed) may have shortened external rotators of the hip.

Toe-out foot position could indicate shortening of the gluteus maximus and posterior fibers of the gluteus medius.

A client with lateral tibial torsion may have feet turned inwards.

Having a ballet-type stance with feet turned out can result from internal rotation at the hip joint.

Shortening of external rotators of the femur could be associated with toe-in foot positions.

Pes planus is also known as ______ foot

Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal ______ arch

In pes planus, the medial side of the foot might even be touching the floor completely, leaving no ______ at all

Pes cavus results in a greater-than-normal space between the floor and the ______ side of the foot

Many providers of sport footwear now have pressure plates on site to assess how potential buyers distribute their ______

A crude way to determine weight bearing in standing is simply to take ______

Pes planus is characterized by a higher longitudinal arch than normal.

Pes cavus results in a greater-than-normal space between the floor and the medial side of the foot.

Pes planus can cause leg and foot pain due to overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the foot.

Pes cavus corresponds with the supination of the talus bone.

A crude way to assess weight distribution on the feet is by using pressure plates to measure standing and running weight distribution.

Pes cavus can result from weak intrinsic plantar muscles and overextension of ligaments in the foot.

Pes planus is also known as flat ______

Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal longitudinal ______

In pes planus, the medial side of the foot might even be touching the floor completely, leaving no ______ at all

Many providers of sport footwear now have pressure plates on site to assess how potential buyers distribute their weight both in standing and ______

Pes cavus represents a higher longitudinal arch than ______

Over time, the development of a flat foot might cause leg and foot pain as a result of overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the ______

What is the primary change associated with pes planus (flat foot)?

Which movement occurs in the foot bones in pes cavus (high arches)?

What soft tissue change is associated with pes planus?

In pes cavus, what happens to the relationship between trunk rotation and foot position?

How are trunk rotation and foot pressure related in pes cavus?

Which statement is true regarding pes planus and pes cavus?

Pes planus is characterized by the loss of the ______ arch

Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal plantar ______

In pes planus, there is weakness in the intrinsic plantar muscles and overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the ______

Trunk rotation to the left increases pronation on the right foot; trunk rotation to the right increases pronation in the left ______

Lateral tibial torsion produces a toe-out position and increased ______ with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated

Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) feet, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the ______

A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.