404 Questions
What is an important aspect to observe when looking at your client's face during anterior postural assessment?
Facial expressions
Which of the following is considered abnormal when assessing the face during an anterior postural assessment?
Flaccidity in facial muscles
What does the text imply about variations in facial features?
They are normal, similar to variations in other parts of the anatomy
Why is it essential to observe if the client appears to be in pain or relaxed during a postural assessment?
To understand their emotional state and physical well-being
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential indicator of abnormality when assessing a client's face?
Symmetrical facial features
During anterior postural assessment, it is important to observe your client's face for any signs of ______
asymmetry
The client's face can provide insights into their overall health, including factors like skin tone and whether they appear ______ and nourished
healthy
Observing the client's facial expressions can help determine if they are ______ or tired during the assessment
alert
Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment
frowning
Spasming or flaccidity in facial muscles is not considered ______ during anterior postural assessment
normal
It is considered normal to have variations in facial features during an anterior postural assessment.
True
Spasming or flaccidity in facial muscles is considered normal during an anterior postural assessment.
False
It is essential to observe if the client appears relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.
True
Skin tone and facial muscle tone are not key indicators of a client's overall health during an anterior postural assessment.
False
Clenching of the jaw and spasming of facial muscles are considered normal variations during an anterior postural assessment.
False
An altered head position may always indicate an injury to the neck.
False
Severe lateral flexion combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of torticollis.
True
If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position.
True
An individual spending prolonged periods with their workstation directly in front of them is more likely to exhibit lateral flexion in their head position.
False
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head.
True
An altered head position always indicates that a client has sustained a neck injury.
False
An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______.
neck
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.
torticollis
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them.
front
If you were to draw a plumb line between the man’s medial malleoli, between his knees, and through his umbilicus, the position of this man’s head may indicate lateral tilting or shifting his body weight to his ______.
right
An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______.
body
Observing the client's facial expressions can help determine if they are relaxed or ______ during the assessment.
tired
What could severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid indicate?
Torticollis
Why is it important to consider the inter-connectedness of the body when observing head position?
To identify underlying health conditions
In what scenario is rotation or lateral flexion commonly observed in people?
When their workstation is directly in front of them
What does an altered head position potentially indicate?
Recent neck injury
How can drawing a plumb line between specific body points aid in assessing head position?
Assess lateral tilting of the head
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.
disuse
A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle, which, if prolonged, could contribute to pain in that area. This raises the question, What is the client doing to increase tone in that muscle? Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______.
bodybuilders
You might observe atrophied neck muscles when assessing a client who has been immobilized in a collar after ______ trauma.
cervical
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.
torticollis
Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment.
spasming
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them.
front
Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______
torticollis
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them
front
You might observe atrophied neck muscles when assessing a client who has been immobilized in a collar after cervical ______
trauma
Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment
spasming
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______
disuse
A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle, which, if prolonged, could contribute to pain in that area. This raises the question, What is the client doing to increase tone in that muscle? Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______
bodybuilders
What does sharply angled clavicles indicate?
Elevated shoulders
Why is it normal for the clavicle on the dominant side to be lower than the non-dominant side?
To accommodate variations in muscle use and development
What could uneven contours of the clavicles indicate?
Healed fracture in mal-alignment
What does a steeper angle of the clavicle indicate when shrugging the shoulders?
Elevated shoulders
What is the significance of observing the AC joint when assessing the clavicles?
Provides additional information about shoulder health
Why do smoothly contoured clavicles play a role in assessing shoulder health?
Provide a baseline for comparing joint positions
It is normal for the clavicle on the dominant side to be lower than that on the non-dominant side. Uneven contours could indicate a fracture that has healed in mal-alignment, or a more recent injury such as a ruptured ______ joint.
AC
What does sharply angled clavicles indicate? Sharply angled clavicles indicate elevated ______.
shoulders
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.
weakness
A muscle that appears more prominent suggests an increase in tone in that muscle. Hypertrophy of the pectorals (and many other muscles) is commonly observed in ______.
exercises
Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______.
torticollis
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. How can drawing a plumb line between specific body points aid in assessing head position? Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the ______.
head
Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment
spasming
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______
weakness
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
torticollis
Smoothly contoured clavicles play a role in assessing shoulder health because uneven contours could indicate a fracture that has healed in mal-alignment, or a more recent injury such as a ruptured ______ joint
AC
An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______
neck
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______
spine
What might the elevation of a shoulder in a client indicate?
Protection of an injured or painful joint in the neck or shoulder
Why might a client exhibit depression of the shoulder and indentation in the deltoid muscle?
As a response to subluxation at the glenohumeral joint
What is a common observation regarding the shoulders of many individuals?
The non-dominant side shoulder is often lower than the dominant side
In individuals spending prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side, what observation might be made about their head position?
Increased forward head posture
Why might one clavicle appear more raised than the other in an individual?
Indication of a fractured clavicle that healed incorrectly
The client may elevate a shoulder to protect an injured or painful joint in the shoulder or in the ______
neck
Depression of the shoulder plus indentation in the contour of the deltoid is observed in people with subluxation at the ______ joint
glenohumeral
An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______
body
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
torticollis
The client's face can provide insights into their overall health, including factors like skin tone and whether they appear ______ and nourished
relaxed
The text implies that a person's shoulders are always perfectly level and symmetrical.
False
Elevation of a shoulder is never related to protecting an injured or painful joint.
False
Subluxation at the glenohumeral joint is not associated with depression of the shoulder and indentation in the deltoid muscle.
False
Uneven contours of the trapezius muscles can be observed between the left and right sides of individuals in photographs.
True
A raised clavicle on the left side is never mentioned in the text.
False
What might be indicated if a client's shoulders are internally rotated, causing the dorsal surface of the hand to be more visible during the anterior assessment?
Impingement of anterior shoulder structures
In individuals with rounded shoulders, what is likely to be tight and contribute to this posture?
Anterior chest muscles
What postural issue is often associated with rounded shoulders?
Kyphotic posture
What effect might an internally rotated humerus have on the hands during postural assessments?
More visible palm surface during anterior assessment
Why are rounded shoulders often associated with tightness in the anterior chest muscles?
To enhance shoulder stability
The woman in the first photograph demonstrates internally rotated shoulders.
True
A client with rounded shoulders is likely to have tightness in the posterior chest muscles.
False
Internally rotated shoulders can contribute to impingement of anterior shoulder structures.
True
Observing facial expressions is crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.
False
Smoothly contoured clavicles are essential for assessing shoulder health as uneven contours could indicate a recent injury.
False
A client with rounded shoulders is likely to have tightness in the ______ chest muscles
anterior
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while atrophy indicates ______
weakness
An altered head position is important to consider the inter-connectedness of the ______
body
If a client's shoulders are internally rotated, causing the dorsal surface of the hand to be more visible during the anterior assessment, it may indicate internal rotation at the ______
humerus
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points can aid in assessing head position by helping to identify lateral tilting or shifting of body weight to one ______
side
What is a potential reason for observing shifts in the thorax as described in the text?
Sciatica or muscle imbalances
How can one assess potential thoracic shifts in a client based on the text?
Checking if the rib cage sits squarely over the pelvis
What compensatory changes occur when the thorax rotates according to the text?
Compensatory changes in the neck and lumbar spine
What does rotating the chest to the right while keeping the head and hips forward help understand, as per the text?
The tension in neck muscles during rotation
What is a potential cause for lateral curvatures in the spine as mentioned in the text?
Muscle imbalances
Why might a client with thoracic shift not necessarily be suffering from sciatica, according to the text?
Different factors like muscle imbalances contributing to posture
The client in the illustration has shifted the thorax and head to the left.
False
Lateral curvatures in the spine can lead to the same kind of thoracic shift observed in a client with sciatica.
True
Clenching of jaw and facial muscle spasms are considered normal observations during an anterior postural assessment.
False
A muscle that appears more prominent suggests a decrease in tone in that muscle.
False
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as scalenes is often observed in individuals with short-term respiratory conditions.
False
Observing facial expressions is not crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment.
False
To check for shifts in the thorax, ask yourself questions such as, Does the sternum appear in the ______?
midline
When the thorax rotates, compensatory changes occur in the neck and ______ spine.
lumbar
You can observe the effect rotation of the thorax has on the neck by rotating your chest to the right while keeping your head, neck and hips in the same position, facing forwards, while standing. Notice where you experience an increase in tension. You will find that to keep your head facing forwards as you rotate your trunk to the right, you need to contract the muscles of your neck that rotate your head to the ______.
left
Shifts of the chest occur for many reasons. For example, the illustration above represents the kind of thoracic shift that is sometimes observed in a client with ______.
sciatica
Lateral curvatures in the spine as well as muscle imbalances can also contribute to this ______.
posture
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______.
issues
What is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm in females according to the text?
15 degrees
Why might an abnormal carrying angle after an elbow fracture affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?
It decreases weight-bearing ability
What effect can a carrying angle much greater or smaller than the norm have following an elbow fracture?
Abnormal weight distribution
In males, what is considered a normal carrying angle according to Levangie and Norkin?
5 degrees
How does the carrying angle differ between males and females based on the information provided?
Males have a larger angle
What is the significance of the carrying angle in the upper body?
Affects a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb
Why is an abnormal carrying angle following an elbow fracture concerning?
Affects the ability to perform press-ups
In what scenario might a client have a carrying angle much different from the norm?
After an elbow fracture
How does the carrying angle differ between males and females according to the text?
Females have a greater carrying angle than males
What impact can a significantly smaller or larger carrying angle than normal have on an individual?
Impair the ability to lift heavy objects
What angle is formed between the long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the forearm during the carrying angle assessment?
45 degrees
What is the normal carrying angle range in females according to Levangie and Norkin?
10 to 15 degrees
How does an abnormal carrying angle following an elbow fracture potentially affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?
Decreases weight-bearing ability
What might be a consequence of having a carrying angle much greater than the normal range?
Increased risk of elbow dislocation
How does a significantly smaller carrying angle compared to the norm impact a person's upper limb function?
Reduces strength for certain upper limb movements
Increased bulk in the arm muscles indicates increased use of that limb; decreased bulk or even atrophy indicates ______
disuse
An arm held close to the side of the body, or even across the body, indicates protectiveness of that ______
limb
Increased abduction of the arm ties in with step 14, upper limb position, in the posterior postural assessment, indicating the position of the ______
arm
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
torticollis
Uneven contours of the trapezius muscles can be observed between the left and right sides of individuals in photographs, indicating potential ______
asymmetry
Observing the bulk of the arm muscles can provide insights into the use of that limb.
True
Increased abduction of the arm indicates a protective stance of that limb.
False
A client allowing the upper limb to hang loose often suggests a relaxed posture.
True
Atrophy in the arm muscles is usually a result of increased use of that limb.
False
Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions.
False
Why is it important to pay particular attention to the thumbs and muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence?
To assess for signs of rheumatoid arthritis
What does discolouration in the hands or wrists potentially indicate?
Poor blood flow to the extremities
Why is observing abnormalities like swellings or bruising in the hands or wrists important?
To identify underlying health conditions
What might muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence indicate?
Nerve damage or impairment
How might swollen, inflamed, and misshapen joints in the fingers indicate a certain condition?
Reveals signs of rheumatoid arthritis
Why is it essential to assess the levelness of the wrist joints?
To identify abnormalities or conditions like rheumatoid arthritis
A detailed analysis of hands and wrists is usually best performed with the client in a ______ position
sitting
Notice whether the wrist joints themselves are ______
level
Obvious muscle wasting may be due to nerve damage or ______
impairment
Discolouration can indicate poor blood flow to the extremities, which is common in conditions such as ______
diabetes
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______
weakness
Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______
torticollis
It is not necessary to observe the hands and wrists in detail when assessing a client for problems in these areas.
False
Noticing abnormalities like swelling, bruising, or discolouration in the hands or wrists is not significant during an assessment.
False
Muscle wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence does not indicate possible nerve damage or impairment.
False
Discolouration in the hands or wrists indicates good blood flow to the extremities.
False
Rheumatoid arthritis can be identified by normal, non-inflamed joints in the fingers.
False
Observing the position of fingers is not crucial when assessing clients for hand or wrist problems.
False
What does a rotated umbilicus to the right potentially indicate?
Shortening of the iliopsoas muscles on the left
What is the potential significance of an umbilicus not falling in the midline?
Ties in with rotation of the thorax and pelvis
What is a common belief regarding rotation of the umbilicus to the left?
Shortening of the iliopsoas muscles on the left
According to therapists, what could be a cause of rotation of the umbilicus to the right?
Shortening of the iliopsoas muscles on the left
In postural assessment, rotation of the umbilicus to the left could potentially result in what?
Shortening of abdominal muscles on the left
An ______ that does not fall in the midline ties in with rotation of the thorax and pelvis. Some therapists believe that rotation of the ______ to the right indicates a shortening in the iliopsoas muscles on the left, and that rotation to the left results in shortening of the iliopsoas muscles on the right. However, as with each of the steps in your postural assessment, it is important to keep an open mind as to causal factors.
umbilicus
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them
front
What is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm in females according to the text?
carrying
Observing facial expressions is not crucial to determine if a client is relaxed or worried during a postural assessment. Why might an abnormal carrying angle after an ______ fracture affect a person's ability to bear weight through the upper limb?
elbow
Why is it important to pay particular attention to the thumbs and ______ wasting in the thenar or hypothenar eminence?
muscle
What does a rotated umbilicus to the right potentially indicate in postural assessment?
Shortening of iliopsoas muscles on the right
What is the potential significance of an umbilicus not falling in the midline during postural assessment?
Indicates rotation of the thorax and pelvis
Why is it important to keep an open mind regarding causal factors during postural assessment?
To consider all possible issues influencing the postural findings
What potential issue might be indicated by observing atrophied neck muscles in a client post-immobilization trauma?
Neck injury
What would a client's face potentially reveal during anterior postural assessment?
Level of stress or relaxation
What can a lateral tilt in the pelvis correspond with?
A lateral curve in the lumbar spine
In a client who is hip hitched on the right, what could be shorter than the left side?
Right quadratus lumborum muscle
What position is the right hip likely to be in when a client is hip hitched on the right side?
Adducted
What muscle may exhibit shortening when a client's right hip is adducted?
Right adductor muscles
In a client with a higher ASIS on the right side, what muscle on the left may be shortened?
Gluteus medius
A lateral tilt in the pelvis corresponds with a lateral curve in the ______ spine
lumbar
When a client is hip hitched on the right, with a higher ASIS on that side, the right quadratus lumborum muscle could be shorter than the ______
left
The right hip will be adducted, whereas the left hip is in an ______ position
abducted
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is often observed in people who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position with their workstation to one side of them rather than directly in ______ of them
front
Increased bulk in the arm muscles indicates increased use of that limb; decreased bulk or even atrophy indicates ______
weakness
A hip hitched to the right side, with a higher ASIS on that side, could indicate a shorter right quadratus lumborum muscle.
True
If a client has a lateral tilt in the pelvis with one ASIS lower than the other, it corresponds to a lateral curve in the thoracic spine.
False
When a client is hip hitched to the right, the left hip is adducted and the right hip is abducted.
False
A lateral tilt in the pelvis can lead to shortening of the gluteus medius muscle on the side with the higher ASIS.
False
In postural assessment, a higher ASIS on one side of the pelvis always indicates a shorter muscle on the opposite side of the body.
False
How can rotation of the pelvis affect the feet and knees?
Increased pressure on the lateral side of the left foot
In the posterior postural assessment, what indicates that the whole pelvis is rotated to the right?
Increased pressure on the medial side of the left foot
How does rotation of the pelvis affect the thorax?
Makes the thorax rotate to the same side as the pelvis
What is the impact on knee orientation when the whole pelvis is rotated to the right?
Knees face backwards
What happens to the pressure distribution under the feet when there is a normal pelvis with both ASIS aligned?
Equal pressure beneath both feet
In the posterior postural assessment, what indicates that the whole pelvis is rotated to the right? Increased pressure on the ______ side of the right foot.
lateral
When a client has a lateral tilt in the pelvis with one ASIS lower than the other, it corresponds to a lateral curve in the ______ spine.
thoracic
If a client's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______.
head
Abnormal signs like facial muscles being involuntarily clenched or ______ should be noted during the assessment.
spasming
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______.
weakness
In posterior postural assessment, if the whole pelvis is rotated to the right, the knees no longer face forwards.
True
Rotation of the pelvis does not affect the feet and knees according to the text.
False
A rotated umbilicus to the right is commonly believed to indicate a postural issue.
True
Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is not a strong indicator of postural issues.
False
Rotation or lateral flexion to a minor degree is rarely observed in individuals who spend prolonged periods in a fixed position.
False
How does pelvic rotation to the left affect the pressure distribution on the feet?
Equal pressure distribution on both sides of the foot
What happens to foot pressure when the pelvis is rotated to the right?
Increased pressure on the lateral side of the foot
How is foot pressure affected by increased supination?
Increased pressure on both sides of the foot
When rotating to the left, what is the effect of increased inversion of the forefoot?
Decreased pressure on the lateral side of the foot
What is a noticeable effect of pelvic rotation on foot supination?
Equal pressure distribution on both sides of the foot
How does increased pronation influence foot pressure distribution?
Equal pressure distribution on both sides of the foot
Increased supination leads to increased pressure on the ______ side of the foot
lateral
A client's pelvis is higher on the ______ side in the photograph
left
Increased pronation results in equal pressure on the ______ sides of the foot
lateral and medial
Rotation of the pelvis to the right causes increased ______ on the lateral side of the foot
supination
You can test the effect pelvic rotation has on the feet by rotating to the left and right and feeling the contact points of the soles of your feet and the ______
floor
Increased pronation leads to equal pressure on the lateral and medial sides of the ______
foot
Why might a client stand in a wide stance according to the text?
Due to feeling unbalanced
What is the purpose of asking a client in a wide stance to stand with their feet together?
To test hip adductor strength
Which muscle weakness might lead a client to dislike standing with feet together?
Hip adductor muscles
What can standing with feet together help determine about a client according to the text?
Balance perception
Why should a fitness professional observe if a client naturally stands with legs together or in a wide stance?
To determine posture issues
When a client stands in a wide stance, they create a wide base of support for themselves in order to feel more ______.
balanced
Clients who stand in a wide stance may have weak hip adductor muscles relative to their abductor muscles, leading to a feeling of ______.
unbalanced
Standing with feet together can help assess the strength of the hip ______ muscles.
adductor
A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.
adductor
Standing with feet together can reveal if a client has weak hip adductor muscles and feels ______ in that position.
unbalanced
Clients who stand in a wide stance create a narrow base of support for themselves.
False
Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip adductor muscles.
True
Standing in a wide stance indicates strong hip abductor muscles relative to the adductor muscles.
False
A client standing with feet close together may suggest they have strong hip adductor muscles.
True
If a client prefers a wide stance, it is always due to feeling balanced and stable.
False
What does an increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggest?
Increased usage or weight bearing on that side
In the context of muscle bulk assessment, what does atrophy of muscles in a healthy person suggest?
Disuse
Following a prolonged period of bed rest, what is a common outcome regarding muscle in the lower limb?
Atrophy of muscles
Why might observing an increase in bulk in the arm muscles be significant?
Suggests increased usage of that limb
What could be inferred from observing atrophy in arm muscles?
Disuse
An increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggests increased ______ or weight bearing on that side
usage
Atrophy in muscles of the lower limb is common following immobilisation of the limb or a prolonged period of ______ rest
bed
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
issues
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while scalenes might appear particularly prominent in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atrophy, on the other hand, indicates ______
weakness
Severe lateral flexion with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid is a strong indicator of ______
strain
Structurally, with genu valgum, the muscles of the lateral thigh are ______ relative to the muscles of the medial side of the thigh.
shorter
In genu varum, there is increased pressure on the ______ side of the knee joint.
medial
Osteoarthritic changes or degradation of menisci may be more likely to occur on the side of the knee subject to greater ______ forces.
compressive
Overstretching of soft tissues is likely on the ______ side of the knee in cases of genu valgum.
opposite
In genu valgum, increased pressure on the lateral side of the knee joint may lead to degenerative changes on that side of the knee occurring before degenerative changes on the ______ side of the knee.
medial
With genu varum, the muscles of the medial side of the thigh are ______ relative to the muscles of the lateral thigh.
shorter
What structural difference between the thigh muscles is associated with genu valgum?
Shorter gracilis, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus compared to iliotibial band and biceps femoris
Which side of the knee joint experiences increased pressure in genu varum?
Medial side
What is a potential consequence of overstretching soft tissues in the knee due to genu valgum?
Degenerative changes on the lateral side of the knee
Which condition is more likely to cause osteoarthritic changes or meniscal degradation in the knee?
Genu valgum
In genu varum, which muscles are structurally shorter relative to the lateral thigh muscles?
Gracilis, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus
In genu valgum, the muscles of the lateral thigh are longer relative to the muscles of the medial thigh.
False
Genu varum results in increased pressure on the lateral side of the knee joint.
False
A rotated umbilicus to the right indicates a postural issue.
True
Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with short-term respiratory conditions.
False
Observing abnormalities like swellings or bruising in the hands or wrists is not important according to postural assessment.
False
Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip abductor muscles.
False
Because the patellae are housed within the quadriceps tendon, and this in turn is housed in fascia connected to other structures, could an increase in tension in the muscles or the fascia of the medial or lateral sides of the knee (or both) contribute to ______?
maltracking
For example, could lateral maltracking be due to increased tension in the lateral retinaculum of the knee and the iliotibial band? Could medial maltracking be due to increased tension in the vastus ______?
medialis
Patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint are sometimes observed in clients who hyperextend their knees in standing, something you will have looked for in step 3 of your lower body lateral assessment (page 84). Anterior knee pain can sometimes be explained by patellae tilting such that their inferior poles stick into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ______.
extension
Increased pronation results in equal pressure on the ______ sides of the foot.
medial
Overstretching of soft tissues is likely on the ______ side of the knee in cases of genu valgum.
lateral
A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.
abductor
An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ______
neck
Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with ______ respiratory conditions
short-term
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
torticollis
A lateral tilt in the pelvis corresponds with a lateral curve in the ______ spine
lumbar
An increase in muscle bulk in the lower limb suggests increased ______ or weight bearing on that side
loading
What is a potential consequence of overstretching soft tissues in the knee due to ______?
genu valgum
What should be the position of the patella in relation to the tibial tuberosity?
In line with it
Which condition is associated with patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint?
Hyperextension of knees
What could contribute to lateral maltracking of the patella?
Increased tension in lateral retinaculum and iliotibial band
How can anterior knee pain be related to patellar positioning?
Patellae tilting into the fat pad beneath the knee
Which structure houses the patellae within the knee?
Quadriceps tendon
What could increased tension in the vastus medialis potentially contribute to?
Medial maltracking of patella
The patella should always point straight ahead with respect to the tibiofemoral joint.
False
A laterally rotated patella could correspond with a medially rotated femur on that side.
False
Clients who stand with hyperextended knees often compress the patellae against the femurs, causing them to face straight ahead.
False
A medially rotated patella could correspond with medial tibial torsion.
True
Rotation of the femur can cause the patella to no longer face forwards.
True
A very simple test to assess for tibial torsion is to examine where the fibular tuberosity lies.
False
A very simple test to assess for tibial torsion is to examine where the ______ lies.
tibial tuberosity
Clients who stand with the knees hyperextended often compress the patellae against the femurs, and the patellae slant downwards rather than facing straight ahead. Consequently, an imaginary headlight from the knees of these clients would illuminate the floor closer to the client than normal. In addition to your postural assessment, you may want to carry out tests to confirm your ______.
diagnosis
A medially rotated patella could correspond with a medially rotated femur on that side, medial tibial torsion or both. Clients who stand with the knees hyperextended often compress the patellae against the femurs, and the patellae slant downwards rather than facing straight ahead. Consequently, an imaginary headlight from the knees of these clients would illuminate the floor closer to the client than normal. In addition to your postural assessment, you may want to carry out tests to confirm your ______.
diagnosis
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______.
head position
Patellae that appear compressed against the knee joint are sometimes observed in clients who hyperextend their knees in standing, something you will have looked for in step 3 of your lower body lateral assessment (page 84). Anterior knee pain can sometimes be explained by patellae tilting such that their inferior poles stick into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ______.
hyperextension
Increased supination leads to increased pressure on the ______ side of the foot.
lateral
How can a medially rotated patella correspond in terms of rotation in the femur or tibia?
Medial femur and medial tibia rotation
In what scenario might a laterally rotated patella be observed in a client?
Lateral tibial torsion
What could cause patellae to slant downwards rather than face straight ahead?
Hyperextension of the knees
What does the analogy of 'headlights of a car' help in assessing?
Knee alignment
What can an anteriorly rotated patella indicate about the femur and tibia?
Medial femur and lateral tibia rotation
What is the potential consequence of maltracking of the patella due to an abnormal Q angle?
Degradation of the patellofemoral cartilage
How might prolonged internal rotation of the tibia contribute to abnormal Q angle in clients?
By causing an abnormal increase in Q angle
What could be a likely outcome of increased stress on the knee joint due to abnormal Q angle?
Development of more serious knee problems
Why might individuals with increased pronation of the foot have an abnormal Q angle?
As a result of prolonged tibial rotation
What does an abnormal Q angle NOT necessarily indicate for a client?
Increased pronation of the foot
What is the Q angle used for assessing?
Knee problems
Why is measuring the Q angle more accurate when the client is standing?
The patella is under normal weight-bearing stresses
What causes women to typically have a greater Q angle than men?
Wider pelvis
What does the Q angle measure the angle between?
Patellar tendon and rectus femoris
What is the typical range for the Q angle in degrees?
15-20 degrees
Where should a line be drawn from to determine the Q angle?
Patella to tibial tuberosity
The Q angle measures the angle between the rectus femoris quadriceps muscle and the ______ tendon.
patellar
Women typically have a greater Q angle than men due to a wider ______.
pelvis
The Q angle is usually around 15 to 20 degrees and is more accurate to measure when the client is ______ rather than supine.
standing
A client with hyperextended knees may compress the patellae against the femurs, causing the patellae to slant downwards rather than face ______.
straight
The Q angle can help predict the likelihood of some knee problems and indicate the need for prophylactic ______.
treatment
Drawing a line from the midpoint of the patella to the tibial tuberosity helps determine the Q angle by creating an angle with a line drawn from the patella to the ASIS (anterior superior iliac ______).
spine
An abnormal Q angle could lead to maltracking of the __________
patella
Clients with increased pronation of the foot may have an abnormal Q angle due to internal rotation of the __________
tibia
Rotation of the pelvis can result in increased stress on the ________ joint
knee
Anterior knee pain can be explained by patellae tilting into the fat pad beneath the knee, a condition perhaps aggravated by forced or prolonged knee ________
extension
An altered head position may indicate that the client has suffered an injury to the ________
neck
If a client has an abnormal Q angle, it is guaranteed that they will experience knee problems.
False
Increased pronation of the foot contributes to a higher Q angle due to external rotation of the tibia.
False
An abnormal Q angle can cause maltracking of the patella, leading to smooth gliding on the femoral grooves.
False
Microtrauma from an abnormal Q angle can eventually result in patellofemoral cartilage hypertrophy.
False
Prolonged internal rotation of the tibia due to increased pronation can lead to normal biomechanics and decreased stress on the knee joint.
False
The Q angle is measured by the angle between the rectus quadriceps muscle and the femoral nerve.
False
Measuring the Q angle when the client is supine is more accurate than measuring it when the client is standing.
False
The Q angle varies between individuals but is consistently around 30 degrees for both males and females.
False
Women typically have a lesser Q angle than men due to differences in pelvis width.
False
Drawing a line from the midpoint of the patella to the tibial tuberosity creates an angle that helps determine the Q angle.
True
The Q angle indicates the likelihood of shoulder problems rather than knee problems.
False
What does lateral tibial torsion produce in terms of foot position?
Toe-out
What could bowing of the tibia indicate?
Osteomalacia
What is a characteristic associated with medial tibial torsion?
Decrease in the longitudinal arch
What foot changes are associated with medial tibial torsion per Table 5.3?
Decreased longitudinal arch
What is the characteristic change within the foot itself due to lateral tibial torsion?
Accentuated medial longitudinal arch
What does lateral tibial torsion produce in terms of pressure on the foot?
Increased pressure on the lateral side
Bowing of the tibia could indicate osteomalacia or increased compressive forces on the concave side of the bone. Lateral tibial torsion produces the toe-out position and is associated with increased supination with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated and the heel being inverted. Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) feet, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the heel. Table 5.3 summarises this information. Table 5.3 tibial torsion and Corresponding Changes in the Foot lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Overall foot position Toe-out Toe-in Changes within the foot itself There is increased supination, the heel is inverted, and the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated. There is increased pronation, the heel is everted, and the medial longitudinal arch is decreased.
Step
Look at the leg now and compare the tibial tuberosities. Use them to determine whether there is any tibial torsion. There is usually a slight lateral rotation of the tibiae, corresponding with a turned-out foot position. Also look at the shape of the tibiae and whether either is bowed. Lower Body What Your Findings Mean.
9
Bowing of the tibia could indicate osteomalacia or increased compressive forces on the concave side of the bone. Lateral tibial torsion produces the toe-out position and is associated with increased supination with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated and the heel being inverted.
rotation
Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) ______, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the heel.
feet
Table 5.3 summarises this information. Table 5.3 tibial torsion and Corresponding Changes in the Foot lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Overall foot position Toe-out Toe-in Changes within the foot itself There is increased ______, the heel is inverted, and the medial longitudinal arch is accentuated.
supination
There is increased ______, the heel is everted, and the medial longitudinal arch is decreased.
pronation
What might an observer infer from a client demonstrating eversion during the assessment of the ankles?
Increased stress on the lateral side of the foot
In the context of the text, why is it important to check for any swelling or discolouration around the ankles?
To observe potential childhood musculoskeletal injuries
What may rolling in onto the medial side of the foot suggest during ankle assessment?
Greater pressure on the outside of the foot
Why is it crucial for ankles to have their medial and lateral malleoli level with each other during observation?
To maintain normal biomechanics of the lower body
Based on the text, what could a significant increase in space between the medial side of the foot and the floor indicate?
Decreased stress on the lateral side of the foot
Severe lateral flexion with or without rotation, combined with heightened tone in the sternocleidomastoid, could indicate ______
issues
A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.
adductor
Increased pronation leads to equal pressure on the lateral and medial sides of the ______
foot
Drawing a plumb line between specific body points helps assess the lateral tilting of the head. If a person's nose is aligned with the manubrium, sternum, and umbilicus, there is no lateral deviation or rotation in the head position. This can aid in identifying potential issues with the ______
head
In genu varum, which muscles are structurally shorter relative to the lateral thigh muscles?
medial
What is the main purpose of observing the ankles for eversion or inversion during a postural assessment?
To evaluate the alignment of the feet and potential musculoskeletal issues.
What would it mean if a client is observed rolling in onto the medial side of their foot during a postural assessment?
The client has weak hip adductor muscles.
In what condition might observing eversion during an ankle assessment be expected?
Pronation of the foot
Why should a postural assessor check for swelling or discoloration around the ankles?
To assess for possible soft tissue damage.
If a client appears to be rolling out with greater pressure on the outside of the foot during an assessment, what implication might this have?
The client has weak hip abductor muscles.
Feet turned out in a ballet-type stance could result from external rotation at the hip joint, lateral tibial torsion or both. External hip rotation could indicate shortening of the gluteus maximus and the posterior fibers of the gluteus medius, along with the iliotibial band. A client who stands with her feet turned inwards (pigeon-toed) may have shortened internal rotators of the hip, a medially rotated tibia or both. Table 5.4 summarises this information. Toe-out position Toe-in position Possible position of the hip joint Externally rotated Internally rotated Possible position of the tibia Lateral tibial torsion Medial tibial torsion Muscles that might be shortened External rotators of the femur; iliotibial band Internal rotators of the femur
Both
Standing with feet together can help identify if a client has weak hip adductor muscles.
Weak
Increased tone in respiratory muscles like scalenes is often observed in individuals with long-term respiratory conditions.
Scalenes
The patella should always point straight ahead with respect to the tibiofemoral joint.
Tibiofemoral
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while atrophy indicates ______.
Weakness
Rheumatoid arthritis can be identified by normal, non-inflamed joints in the fingers.
Non-inflamed
Feet should be positioned turned out to the same angle, equidistant from an imaginary plumb line.
True
A client who stands with her feet turned inwards (pigeon-toed) may have shortened external rotators of the hip.
False
Toe-out foot position could indicate shortening of the gluteus maximus and posterior fibers of the gluteus medius.
True
A client with lateral tibial torsion may have feet turned inwards.
False
Having a ballet-type stance with feet turned out can result from internal rotation at the hip joint.
False
Shortening of external rotators of the femur could be associated with toe-in foot positions.
True
Pes planus is also known as ______ foot
flat
Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal ______ arch
high
In pes planus, the medial side of the foot might even be touching the floor completely, leaving no ______ at all
gap
Pes cavus results in a greater-than-normal space between the floor and the ______ side of the foot
medial
Many providers of sport footwear now have pressure plates on site to assess how potential buyers distribute their ______
weight
A crude way to determine weight bearing in standing is simply to take ______
footprints
Pes planus is characterized by a higher longitudinal arch than normal.
False
Pes cavus results in a greater-than-normal space between the floor and the medial side of the foot.
True
Pes planus can cause leg and foot pain due to overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the foot.
True
Pes cavus corresponds with the supination of the talus bone.
False
A crude way to assess weight distribution on the feet is by using pressure plates to measure standing and running weight distribution.
False
Pes cavus can result from weak intrinsic plantar muscles and overextension of ligaments in the foot.
False
Pes planus is also known as flat ______
foot
Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal longitudinal ______
arch
In pes planus, the medial side of the foot might even be touching the floor completely, leaving no ______ at all
gap
Many providers of sport footwear now have pressure plates on site to assess how potential buyers distribute their weight both in standing and ______
running
Pes cavus represents a higher longitudinal arch than ______
normal
Over time, the development of a flat foot might cause leg and foot pain as a result of overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the ______
foot
What is the primary change associated with pes planus (flat foot)?
Loss of the plantar arch
Which movement occurs in the foot bones in pes cavus (high arches)?
The calcaneus supinates
What soft tissue change is associated with pes planus?
Overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the foot
In pes cavus, what happens to the relationship between trunk rotation and foot position?
Trunk rotation to the right increases supination on both feet
How are trunk rotation and foot pressure related in pes cavus?
Trunk rotation to the left increases pressure through the medial side of the left foot
Which statement is true regarding pes planus and pes cavus?
Pes cavus is due to shortening of intrinsic foot muscles
Pes planus is characterized by the loss of the ______ arch
plantar
Pes cavus is characterized by a higher-than-normal plantar ______
arch
In pes planus, there is weakness in the intrinsic plantar muscles and overstretching of the long muscles of the sole of the ______
foot
Trunk rotation to the left increases pronation on the right foot; trunk rotation to the right increases pronation in the left ______
foot
Lateral tibial torsion produces a toe-out position and increased ______ with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot being accentuated
supination
Medial tibial torsion produces toe-in (pigeon-toed) feet, a decrease in the longitudinal arch, plus eversion of the ______
heel
A wide base of support during standing can indicate a need for the client to engage their hip ______ muscles more.
adductor
Increased tone in respiratory muscles such as the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid is often observed in many people, while atrophy indicates ______.
weakness
What is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm in females according to the text?
30 degrees
A medially rotated patella could correspond with a medially rotated femur on that side, medial tibial torsion or both. Clients who stand with the knees hyperextended often compress the patellae against the femurs, and the patellae slant downwards rather than facing straight ahead. Consequently, an imaginary headlight from the knees of these clients would illuminate the floor closer to the client than normal. In addition to your postural assessment, you may want to carry out tests to confirm your ______.
findings
Rotation of the pelvis does not affect the feet and knees according to the text.
true
What should the observer pay particular attention to in the lower body during postural observation?
Swelling around the joints
In the context of postural observation, what might swelling around the joints indicate?
Injury or inflammation
What could be a reason for increased tension in the tendon of a muscle during postural observation?
Correcting postural sway
What is the significance of observing skin discoloration during postural assessment?
Could indicate underlying health issues
What might significant differences between tendons of a muscle on the left and right sides indicate?
Imbalance in muscle tone
In the text, it is mentioned that the person's right tibialis anterior muscle is under tension due to postural correction.
True
Swelling around the joints, skin discoloration, and scars are not areas of focus when making additional observations in postural assessment.
False
Observing a significant difference between the tendons of the tibialis anterior muscle on the left and right legs is not highlighted as a point of interest in the text.
False
Postural sway correction is not mentioned as a potential reason for the increase in tension in the tendon of the right tibialis anterior muscle in the text.
False
The focus on posterior and lateral observations in postural assessment excludes any possibility of documenting anything else not yet noted.
False
Learn how to observe a client's face for signs of health and well-being in the context of anterior postural assessment. Assess skin tone, alertness, fatigue, pain, relaxation, and worry through facial expressions and muscle tone.
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