Exam 2 - Endocrinology Quiz on Hormones
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH)?

  • Somatostatin
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (correct)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

    • Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of cortisol?

  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (correct)
  • Somatostatin
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

    • Which of these hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
  • Dopamine (correct)

    • What is the effect of somatostatin on growth hormone production?

    <p>Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target organ for the pulsatile stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

    <p>Gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not directly involved in the regulation of diuresis, or the process of urine production?

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of vasopressin on the body?

    <p>Vasopressin increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target organ for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hypothalamic hormones in the endocrine system?

    <p>To stimulate or inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is used to stimulate growth hormone signaling?

    <p>Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of growth hormone signaling inhibitors?

    <p>They mimic growth hormone function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one indication for using drugs that regulate water homeostasis?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do analogs and super-agonists of gonadotropin do in the context of hormone therapy?

    <p>Mimic or enhance the effects of natural hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action is commonly associated with drugs that stimulate gonadotropin regulation?

    <p>Stimulation of pituitary hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect might be associated with the use of growth hormone inhibitors?

    <p>Altered glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about posterior pituitary hormones is correct?

    <p>They include hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of circulating hormones?

    <p>They act on specific endocrine glands/tissues to produce a biological effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an application of drugs that act on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Stimulation of excessive hormone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are classified as which type of hormone?

    <p>Single-chain protein hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone receptor mechanism is associated with hormones that exert rapid effects through signal transduction pathways?

    <p>Membrane receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormonal agonists play in pharmacological treatments?

    <p>They mimic the effects of endogenous hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for identifying central or peripheral adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>ACTH stimulation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the classification of hormones based on their structure?

    <p>Hormones are classified by their structure and/or type of receptor they activate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known for acting via GPCR (G protein-coupled receptors)?

    <p>TSH (thyrotropin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological role of vasopressin in the body?

    <p>Enhance arterial pressure and induce vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration routes are effective for Desmopressin (DDAVP)?

    <p>Intravenous or intranasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a deficiency in vasopressin?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide hormone of the anterior pituitary is essential for growth regulation?

    <p>Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a side effect associated with Desmopressin administration?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts as an antagonist at V1a and V2 receptors?

    <p>Conivaptan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Tolvaptan?

    <p>Antagonist at V2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pharmacokinetic characteristic of Desmopressin?

    <p>Half-life of 1-3 hours with modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of continuous administration of a GnRH superagonist?

    <p>It initially causes a surge in hormone levels, but then leads to a long-term suppression of LH, FSH, and gonadal steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a GnRH antagonist?

    <p>Ganirelix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of GnRH antagonists?

    <p>They block the binding of GnRH to its receptors, reducing LH and FSH production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical indication for the use of GnRH superagonists?

    <p>Treatment of infertility related to ovulation disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pharmacological effect of Oxytocin?

    <p>Stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the pharmacokinetics of Oxytocin?

    <p>It has a short half-life, requiring frequent administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect associated with continuous administration of GnRH superagonists?

    <p>Hypogonadism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between GnRH agonists and antagonists in terms of their clinical application?

    <p>GnRH agonists primarily suppress hormone production, while antagonists block hormone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the four critical residues Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr in the cyclic peptide discussed?

    <p>They are crucial for the activity of the peptide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Octreotide?

    <p>Its half-life is 100 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with both Octreotide and Lanreotide?

    <p>Diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological action of Pegvisomant?

    <p>It competitively antagonizes GH receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used to manage hyperprolactinemia?

    <p>Cabergoline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action do Gonadotropin hormone analogs utilize for follicular development?

    <p>They facilitate GnRH receptor signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Lanreotide primarily indicated for?

    <p>Acromegaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following analogs is used for ovarian follicle development?

    <p>Menotropins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when administering Urofollitropin?

    <p>Ultrasound and E2 levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential adverse effect of using GnRH super-agonists?

    <p>Gynecomastia in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason to reduce prolactin signaling?

    <p>Excess lactation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Bromocriptine?

    <p>Suppresses pituitary secretion of prolactin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is NOT appropriate for Octreotide?

    <p>Oral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Cabergoline is true?

    <p>Has a longer half-life than Bromocriptine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine Pharmacology: Hypothalamic & Pituitary

    • Key textbooks for study include: Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (15th ed, pages 691-710), Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed), and Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (8th ed, pages 1446-54).
    • Lecture objectives for Hypothalamic & Pituitary hormones include explaining their function in stimulation/inhibition of anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, as well as tissue effects and growth hormone signaling disorders.
    • Lecture objectives for GH signaling include explanations of drugs that stimulate and inhibit GH signaling (e.g., rhGH, rhIGF-1, SST analogs, pegvisomant), their mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects.
    • Specific drugs regulating water homeostasis, including agonists and antagonists, their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects, are critical elements for understanding the topic.
    • Drugs regulating gonadotropin hormones, including a differentiation between analogs, super-agonists, and antagonists, are needed.
    • Knowledge of mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, structural activity relationships (SAR), indications, contraindications, and adverse effects of these drugs is essential.

    Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine Axes

    • The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary.
    • The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones that enter the circulation.
    • Circulating hormones act on specific endocrine glands and tissues, eliciting a biological response.

    Pharmacological Treatments for Endocrine Disorders

    • Drugs treat endocrine disorders by mimicking or blocking endogenous hormones.
    • Medications may be agonists (stimulating effect) or antagonists (blocking effect).
    • Agonists at endogenous receptors (hormone replacement therapy)
    • Treatments may address hormone excesses or deficiencies.
    • Drugs are used diagnostically to identify endocrine abnormalities.

    Hormone Receptors

    • Hormones with predominant nuclear receptor function modulate target cell transcription (e.g., steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, vitamin D).
    • Hormones with preponderant membrane receptor function trigger rapid effects through signal transduction pathways (e.g., peptide and amino acid hormones).

    Classification of Hormones

    • Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are single-chain proteins with significant homology.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) often work through G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs).

    Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis Diagram

    • Diagram shows the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
    • The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary through releasing factors and the posterior pituitary directly.

    Drugs for Growth Hormone Regulation

    • GHRH and SST are key regulators of GH secretion and action.
    • GH itself, and IGF-1 also play crucial roles in signaling.
    • Medical treatments for GH deficiencies and excesses are discussed along with their mechanisms of action.
    • Common side effects from treatment are listed.
    • Specific instances of use (e.g., pediatric cases, adults) are noted.

    Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Signaling Agonists

    • Actions and uses of growth hormones, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for specific indications are outlined.
    • Important aspects, including mechanism of action, physiological effects, and half-life are highlighted.
    • Clinical applications with indications and side effects for treating growth hormone deficiencies in various patients are discussed.

    Increased GH Signaling Benefits

    • Conditions that benefit from increased GH signaling are specifically noted along with medical treatments for growth hormone deficiences in various populations.

    Somatropin

    • Somatropin, recombinant human growth hormone, is used for growth disorders in children and adults.
    • Mechanism of action (agonist at GH receptors), pharmacokinetics, common side effects, and drug interactions are described.
    • Critical use and contraindications are addressed

    Mecasermin

    • Mecasermin mimics GH, used in GH-resistant patients.
    • Mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and side effects are detailed.

    Inhibition of Growth Hormone Release

    • Medical procedures and drugs used to inhibit GH release for pathologies such as acromegaly are mentioned.
    • The role of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs in this type of regulation are covered.

    Somatostatin (SST) and Synthetic Analogs

    • Describes the roles and functions of SST and its synthetic analogs as regulators of GH release.
    • Mechanisms of action, specficities, half-life are presented.
    • The detailed structures of SST and synthetic analogs are shown.

    Octreotide

    • Detailed information about the uses, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions of octreotide, a somatostain analog, is provided.

    Lanreotide

    • Detailed information about the uses, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions of lanreotide, a somatostatin analog, is provided.

    Pegvisomant

    • Detailed information about the uses, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions of pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist, is provided.

    Prolactin Regulation

    • Regulation of prolactin, a pituitary hormone critical to lactation.
    • Dopamine's role in inhibiting prolactin's release, the conditions that benefit from reducing prolactin secretion, are addressed.
    • Medicines are covered that assist in treatment and side effect profiles.

    Bromocriptine

    • This drug is a D2 dopamine receptor agonist, used to reduce prolactin secretion in various conditions.
    • Detailed information about indications, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and side effects is given.

    Cabergoline

    • Cabergoline is a dopamine receptor agonist, similarly used for prolactin reduction.
    • Detailing similar elements as bromocriptine, information is provided on indications, mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and side effects.

    Gonadotropin Hormones

    • Regulating LH and FSH hormones, including their analogs, and practical applications in various conditions
    • Their physiological actions, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and clinical use are elucidated.

    GnRH Signal Gonadotropin Hormone Analogs

    • The use of GnRH analogs for follicle development, ovulation induction, and related conditions are explored.
    • Their usage in clinical contexts, mechanisms, and potential adverse effects are included.

    Ufollitropin

    • Description of Ufollitropin, a purified FSH hormone from menopausal women.
    • Details on clinical use, contraindications, pharmacokinetics, and side effects are given.

    Folitropin Beta

    • Information on Folitropin beta is provided, a recombinant version of FSH, used in inducing ovulation and fertility.
    • Details on mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects are covered.

    Luteinizing Hormone Analogs

    • Describing specifics of luteinizing hormones, including their analogs' action mechanisms, clinical indications, cautions, and adverse effects, are explained.

    Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

    • Overview of hCG, an analog of LH.
    • Its medical applications, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and side effects are discussed.

    GnRH Receptor Antagonists

    • The usage of GnRH antagonists to block GnRH receptors and their consequent hormonal effects are included.
    • Details on mechanisms, clinical applications, side effects, and comparative analyses to other GnRH-related medicines are given.

    GnRH Analogs and Superagonists

    • Describing the differing types of GnRH analogs, mechanisms, clinical utilities, common adverse reactions, and specific examples..

    Leuprolide

    • Detailing Leuprolide, an GnRH agonist, its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic profile, and clinical applications, along with related side effects.

    Ganirelix

    • Ganirelix, an GnRH antagonist, details on mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical use, side effects, and how it compares to GnRH agonists.

    Posterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Information about vasopressin and its analogs/antagonists are included.
    • Their physiological effects, like controlling fluid balance, are well-explained.

    Oxytocin

    • Details on oxytocin's roles and uses, focusing on its applications in childbirth and lactation.
    • The physiological effects and medical use of the hormone are explained.

    Arginine Vasopressin

    • Overview of arginine vasopressin (AVP).
    • Explains effects in relation to fluid balance, and vascular function.

    Desmopressin

    • Detailed information on Desmopressin (DDAVP), and its application in various conditions.

    Conivaptan

    • Information about conivaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist.
    • Its specifics concerning mechanism of action, clinical indications, pharmacokinetic properties, and potential adverse effects are provided.

    Pearls: Hypothalamus & Pituitary Endocrine System Summary

    • Highlights key concepts and summarizes the essential roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in regulating various physiological functions.

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