Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscle is primarily responsible for plantarflexion of the foot?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for plantarflexion of the foot?
Which artery branches off the dorsalis pedis artery?
Which artery branches off the dorsalis pedis artery?
What does a diminished or absent pulse in the dorsalis pedis artery indicate?
What does a diminished or absent pulse in the dorsalis pedis artery indicate?
Which of the following muscles is located in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Which of the following muscles is located in the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
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Which clinical condition is characterized by pain in the lower leg and commonly associated with the overuse of muscles in the posterior compartment?
Which clinical condition is characterized by pain in the lower leg and commonly associated with the overuse of muscles in the posterior compartment?
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Which muscle originates from the soleal line of the tibia?
Which muscle originates from the soleal line of the tibia?
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What is the primary action of the tibialis posterior muscle?
What is the primary action of the tibialis posterior muscle?
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Which nerve supplies the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
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What condition is characterized by pain on the medial distal two-thirds of the shaft of the tibia?
What condition is characterized by pain on the medial distal two-thirds of the shaft of the tibia?
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Which structure does the posterior tibial artery primarily supply?
Which structure does the posterior tibial artery primarily supply?
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Which muscle assists in weak plantar flexion of the ankle?
Which muscle assists in weak plantar flexion of the ankle?
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How does the popliteus muscle function in relation to the knee joint?
How does the popliteus muscle function in relation to the knee joint?
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Which origin corresponds to the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
Which origin corresponds to the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion at the ankle joint and inversion at the subtalar joint?
Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion at the ankle joint and inversion at the subtalar joint?
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What is the nerve supply for the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
What is the nerve supply for the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
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Which muscle extends the great toe?
Which muscle extends the great toe?
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Which artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
Which artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
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What is the primary action of the peroneus longus muscle?
What is the primary action of the peroneus longus muscle?
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In the context of shin splints, which compartment is primarily affected?
In the context of shin splints, which compartment is primarily affected?
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Where does the dorsalis pedis artery continue from?
Where does the dorsalis pedis artery continue from?
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What is the insertion point for the Extensor digitorum longus?
What is the insertion point for the Extensor digitorum longus?
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Which of the following muscles is not part of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Which of the following muscles is not part of the anterior compartment of the leg?
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Which muscle's primary action is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?
Which muscle's primary action is dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?
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Study Notes
Anterior & Lateral Compartment of Leg & Dorsum of Foot
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Objectives: Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of muscles in the front and lateral compartment of the leg and dorsum of the foot. Describe the origin, course, and branches of the arteries of the anterior and lateral compartment of the leg.
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Muscles of Anterior Compartment: Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus, Fibularis (peroneus tertius).
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Foot Bones: Tarsal bones, Metatarsals, Phalanges. Specific tarsal bones include Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, and Cuneiforms.
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Muscles of the Anterior Compartment & Dorsum of Foot:
- Tibialis anterior: Insertion - medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal bone; Action - dorsiflexion at ankle joint & inversion at subtalar joint.
- Extensor digitorum longus: Insertion - middle & distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes; Action - extension of lateral 4 toes at proximal & distal interphalangeal joints.
- Extensor hallucis longus: Insertion - distal phalanx of great toe; Action - extension of great toe.
- Fibularis tertius (Peroneus tertius): Insertion - base of 5th metatarsal bone; Action - dorsiflex ankle joint.
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Muscles of Lateral Compartment (Everters of Foot):
- Peroneus longus: Origin - upper lateral surface of fibula; Insertion - passes behind lateral malleolus, forwards & medially across the sole and inserts on base of 1st metatarsal bone & adjacent medial cuneiform bone; Nerve supply - superficial peroneal nerve; Action - everter of foot.
- Peroneus brevis: Origin - lower lateral surface of fibula; Insertion - passes behind lateral malleolus in front of peroneus longus tendon-inserts on base of 5th metatarsal bone; Nerve supply - superficial peroneal nerve; Action -evertor of foot.
Dorsum of Foot
- Extensor digitorum brevis: Origin - superolateral surface of calcaneum; Insertion - splits into 4 tendons -base of the great toe, remaining 3 insert into bases of middle phalanx of 2nd, 3rd & 4th toe; Action - dorsiflexion of medial 4 toes.
- Extensor hallucis brevis: Insertion - most medial part -base of proximal phalanx of great toe; Nerve supply- pseudo ganglion of deep peroneal nerve; Action - dorsiflexion of medial 4 toes.
Peroneal artery
- Branch of posterior tibial artery
- Supplies lateral compartment of leg
Anterior tibial artery
- Terminal branch of popliteal artery
- Anteriorly descends down upto ankle joint
- Continues at the level of ankle joint as dorsalis pedis artery
- Branches: Muscular, Medial & lateral malleolar anastomosis
Dorsalis pedis artery
- Continuation of anterior tibial artery midway between the malleoli
- Runs downwards on dorsum of the foot to reach first intermetatarsal space where it turns downwards to enter the sole of foot.
- Ends by completing plantar arch medially
- Principal dorsal artery of foot
- Branches:
- Anterior medial malleolar
- Anterior lateral malleolar
- Medial tarsal
- Lateral tarsal
- Arcuate artery
- First dorsal metatarsal artery
- Dorsal digital branches
Dorsalis pedis artery-pulse
- Superficial artery
- Pulse easily lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
- Diminished or absent pulse indicates arterial insufficiency of lower limb
- Thrombosis, embolism or arteriosclerosis in proximal arteries
- Gangrene
Posterior compartment of leg
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Objectives: Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.
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Muscles of Posterior Compartment (Flexor compartment): Superficial Muscles - Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris; Deep Muscles - Popliteus, Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus.
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Gastrocnemius: Origin - medial & lateral heads; Insertion - posterior surface of calcaneum via tendo achillis; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - plantar flexion.
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Soleus: Origin - Soleal line of tibia & head of fibula; Insertion - posterior surface of calcaneum via tendo achillis; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - plantar flexion at ankle joint.
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Plantaris: Origin - lateral supracondylar ridge; Insertion - posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - weakly assists plantar flexion.
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Popliteus: Origin - popliteal groove on lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur; Insertion - posterior surface of tibia on triangular surface above soleal line; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - rotates femur laterally to unlock the knee joint.
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Tibialis posterior: Origin - upper posterior surface of fibula; Insertion - passes posterior to medial malleolus of tibia and reaches the plantar surface and inserts on the navicular bone; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - plantarflexion & inversion along with tibialis anterior at subtalar joint.
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Flexor digitorum longus: Origin - posterior surface of tibia; Insertion - divides into 4 tendons inserts on plantar surface of distal phalanx of lateral 4 digits; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - plantar flexion at lateral 4 toes.
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Flexor hallucis longus: Origin - posterior surface of fibula; Insertion - runs behind the medial malleolus to insert onto distal phalanx of great toe; Nerve supply - tibial nerve; Action - plantarflexion of great toe.
Posterior tibial artery
- Larger terminal branch of popliteal artery
- Begins at the lower border of popliteus
- Enters back of the leg.
- Runs downwards and medially to reach the posteromedial side of ankle, divides into medial and lateral plantar arteries.
- Branches
- Peroneal artery -supplies lateral compartment
- Muscular arteries
Shin splints
- Pain on the medial distal two-thirds of the shaft of tibia.
- Common in athletes.
- Repetitive pulling of the tibialis posterior tendon caused by pushing off the foot during running.
- Chronic conditions can cause stress fractures.
- Usually begins as soreness after running, later pain worsens and occurs while walking or climbing stairs.
Osteosarcoma
- Most common malignant bone tumor of mesenchymal origin
- Common in males before 30 years of age
- Commonly seen on the distal femur or proximal tibia
- Other sites include the proximal humerus, proximal femur, and pelvis.
- Tumors invade cortical bone due to rich vascular supply then infiltrate surrounding soft tissue.
- Aggressive, requires immediate attention.
Tendinitis of the calcaneal (Achilles)
- Painful inflammation of the tendon.
- Occurs in runners who run on hills or uneven surfaces
- Repetitive stress causes tendon rupture
- Serious injury requiring time to heal
- Inflammation of the bursa between the tendon and calcaneus (retrocalcaneal bursitis).
- Tender area just anterior to the tendon attachment
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Description
Test your knowledge on the muscles, arteries, and bones of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and the dorsum of the foot. This quiz covers the origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions of relevant muscles, as well as the anatomy of foot bones. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.
