ANT B14 Tutorial 1 - Anatomical Reference

ANT B14 Tutorial #1 - Fall 2023

• Standard Anatomical Position: A standard reference position for the human body, used to describe locations of body parts in relation to each other. The individual is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart.

Planes of Reference

• Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
• Coronal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.
• Transverse Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

Skull Orientation (Frankfurt Horizontal)

• Porion: A point on the skull that is used for anatomical references.
• Orbitale: A point on the skull that is used for anatomical references.
• A horizontal plane that passes through the porion and orbitale landmarks on the skull, providing a reference point for skull positioning. Used for measurements and comparisons.

Directional Terms

• Superior (Cranial) vs. Inferior (Caudal): Superior refers to a position above another part, while Inferior refers to a position below another part. Cranial and Caudal refer to locations relative to the head and tail end of the body, respectively.
• Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal): Anterior refers to a position towards the front of the body, while Posterior refers to a position towards the back. Ventral and Dorsal are also terms to indicate front and back respectively.
• Proximal vs. Distal: Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment, while Distal refers to a position further from the point of attachment.
• Medial vs. Lateral: Medial refers to a position closer to the midline of the body, while Lateral refers to a position further away from the midline.
• External vs. Internal: External refers to a position on the outside of an organ or structure, while Internal refers to a position on the inside of an organ or structure.

Dentition

• Incisors (I): Front teeth used for cutting.
• Canines (C): Fang-like teeth used for tearing.
• Premolars (P): Teeth used for grinding.
• Molars (M): Teeth used for grinding.
• Adult human dental formula: A standard, simplified method of describing the number and types of teeth in each quadrant of the mouth. 2-1-2-3 or represented as 2(I) 1(C) 2(P) 3(M)