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Questions and Answers
Which term describes a joint that allows no movement?
What is the anatomical term for a position closer to the head?
Which term refers to a joint that allows slight movement?
In anatomical position, how is the thumb positioned relative to the little finger?
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Which classification system for joints involves the amount of movement?
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What is the anatomical term used for a structure toward the body's median plane?
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Which joint would be classified as diarthrosis?
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Which is the correct definition of 'proximal' in anatomical terms?
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What is the anatomical position characterized by?
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Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
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Movements around which axis occur in a frontal plane?
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Which of the following movements would primarily occur in the sagittal plane?
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In anatomical descriptions, all movements are assumed to begin from which position?
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What type of movement is defined as a combination of planes?
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Which axes are commonly associated with joint movements?
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What is typically a result of movement taking place around an axis?
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How many degrees of freedom does a ball and socket joint possess?
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What type of joint is the MCP joint of fingers 2 through 5 classified as?
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Which movement is being described as raising a part superiorly?
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What characterizes a hinge joint in terms of degrees of freedom and movement?
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What is the movement called when the sole of the foot is turned toward the median plane?
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Which term describes the rotational movement of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly?
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What movement is characterized by bringing the first digit pad to another digit pad?
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Which of the following describes the movement of the scapula moving so that the medial border approaches the spine?
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What type of cartilage is primarily found in cartilaginous joints?
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Which of the following describes a gomphosis joint?
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Which classification of synovial joint has more than two articulating surfaces?
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What type of motion does a bi-axial joint exhibit?
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Which of the following shapes is NOT a classification of synovial joints?
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Which of the following points to a characteristic feature of synovial joints?
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What is the primary difference between uni-axial and bi-axial joints?
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What defines a complex synovial joint?
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What type of rotation does the shoulder joint perform during external rotation?
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Which of the following movements is not associated with the elbow joint?
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In addition to flexion and extension, which movement is mainly associated with the hip joint?
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What is a characteristic of the downward rotation of the scapula?
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What is the primary function of the palpation technique known as 'textural differences'?
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Which of the following movements is performed by the thumb?
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Which joint movement is characterized by the distal end of the forearm rotating around the proximal end?
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In what situation is 'making contact' an important consideration during palpation?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- Standing erect with head, eyes, and toes facing forward
- Upper limbs at sides with palms facing forward
- Lower limbs parallel with toes facing forward
- All movements described assuming anatomical position as the starting point
Planes and Axes
- Movements take place in planes around an axis
-
Sagittal plane: Divides body into right and left portions
- Median plane: Divides body into equal right and left halves
- Horizontal or Transverse plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
- Coronal or Frontal plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
- Axes: Lines around which movements take place
Axes and Planes Combination
- Frontal/coronal axis: Movement occurs in the sagittal plane
- Sagittal/anterior-posterior axis: Movement occurs in the coronal plane
- Longitudinal/superior-inferior/cephalo-caudal/vertical axis: Movement occurs in the transverse plane
Terms to Describe Anatomical Relationships
- Anterior: Nearer to the front of the body (aka ventral); for hands, referred to as the palmar surface
- Posterior: Nearer to the back of the body (aka dorsal)
- Superior: Nearer to the head (aka cranial & cephalic)
- Inferior: Towards the feet or lower part of the body (aka caudal)
- Medial: Towards the median plane
- Lateral: Farther away from the median plane
- Combined terms: Inferomedial, posterolateral
Comparative Terms
- Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or point of origin
- Distal: Farthest from the trunk or point of origin
- Superficial: Nearer to or on the surface
- Deep: Farther from the surface
- Internal: Toward or in the interior of an organ or cavity
- External: Toward or on the exterior of an organ or cavity
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
- Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body
Joint Classification Systems
-
Amount of movement:
- Synarthrosis: No movement (e.g., sutures of the skull)
- Amphiarthrosis: Slight movement (e.g., intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis)
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable (e.g., shoulder, elbow, wrist)
-
Material:
-
Fibrous (Synarthrosis): Dense connective tissue
- Suture: Connects two opposing surfaces
- Syndesmosis: Surfaces bound by an interosseous ligament
- Gomphosis: Peg and socket joint (e.g., tooth)
-
Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis): Hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage
- Epiphyseal plate: Junction via hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilaginous: (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc)
- Synovial (Diarthrodial): Articular cartilage lines bone ends, joint space with synovial fluid surrounded by joint capsule
-
Fibrous (Synarthrosis): Dense connective tissue
-
Number and Shape of Articulating Surfaces:
- Simple: Two articulating surfaces
- Compound: More than two articulating surfaces
- Complex: Two or more articulating surfaces with an intracapsular disc, meniscus, or labrum
-
Degrees of Freedom (DOF): Number of planes in which a joint can move
- Uni-axial: 1 DOF, 2 directions of motion
- Bi-axial: 2 DOF, 4 directions of motion
- Tri-axial: 3 DOF, 6 directions of motion
Synovial Joints: According to Shape of Articular Surfaces
- Ball and Socket: Shoulder, hip
- Condyloid (Ovoid): Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
- Ginglymus (Hinge): Elbow, interphalangeal (IP)
- Planar: Scapula, acromioclavicular joint
- Saddle (Sellar): Carpometacarpal (1st CMC)
Movement Terms
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between body parts
- Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts
- Abduction: Moving away from the median plane
- Adduction: Moving towards the median plane
- Rotation: Medial (internal) and lateral (external) movements around a long or vertical axis
- Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Relating DOF to Shape and Articulating Surfaces
- Hinge: 1 DOF, flex and extend (elbows, interphalangeal)
- Condyloid/Ovoid: 2 DOF, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (2nd-5th MCP)
- Saddle/Sellar: Usually 2 DOF, flex, extend, adduct, abduct (1st MCP)
- Ball and Socket: 3 DOF, flex, extend, abduct, adduct, internal and external rotate (shoulder, hip)
- Planar/Gliding: Depends on the number of planes and articulations (scapula)
Other Terms of Movement
- Eversion: Moving the sole of the foot away from the median plane
- Inversion: Moving the sole of the foot towards the median plane
- Dorsiflexion: Bending the toes and foot toward the shin
- Plantarflexion: Pointing the toes and foot towards the ground
- Supination: Rotating the forearm and hand laterally so the palm is anterior
- Pronation: Rotating the forearm and hand medially so the palm is posterior
- Opposition: Movement of the first digit pad to another digit pad
- Elevation: Raising or moving a part superiorly
- Depression: Lowering or moving a part inferiorly
- Horizontal abduction and adduction: Movements in the transverse plane
Scapular Motions
- Elevation/Depression: Scapula moves along a vertical path
- Retraction: The scapula moves so the medial border approaches the spine (adduction of scapula)
- Protraction: Scapula moves anteriorly along the chest wall (opposite of retraction)
- Upward Rotation: Glenoid cavity faces upward, inferior angle moves laterally and upwards
- Downward Rotation: The opposite of upward rotation, glenoid cavity moves downwards
Review Movements of the Upper Extremity (UE)
- Cervical: Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
- Shoulder: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation, horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction
- Scapular: Elevation, depression, abduction (protraction), adduction (retraction), upward and downward rotation
- Elbow: Flexion, extension
- Forearm: Pronation, supination
- Wrist: Flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation)
- Thumb: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition
- Fingers: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Review Movements of the Lower Extremity (LE)
- Hip: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation
- Knee: Flexion, extension
- Ankle and Foot: Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion; supination, pronation (terms vary depending on context)
- Toes: Flexion, extension
Intro to Palpation
- Making Contact: Responsive and relaxed, adapt based on the size of the structure
- Working Hard vs Working Smart: Use techniques effectively
- Less Is More: Focus on specific areas
- Rolling and Strumming: Techniques for palpating different textures
- Movement and Stillness: Use movement to isolate structures
- Textural Differences: Distinguish between muscle, skin, bone, tendon, ligament, fascia, retinaculum, arteries, veins, bursae, nerves, lymph nodes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on anatomical position, planes, and axes of movement in the human body. This quiz will cover definitions and examples of different anatomical planes including sagittal, coronal, and transverse. Review your understanding of how movements are described in relation to these planes.
