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• To maintain immune function, energy conversion, and cellular repair, it is helpful to use vitamins and minerals
• These are helpful for prevention, treatment with medications, or general health

Vitamins vs. Minerals

• Vitamins: Organic, break down with heat, air, or acid.
• Minerals: Inorganic, maintain their structure.

Interactions

• Good: Vitamin D helps calcium absorption; Vitamin C boosts iron absorption.
• Bad: Warfarin + Ginkgo = Increased bleeding risk; St. John's Wort + Antidepressants = Excess serotonin risk.

Types of Vitamins

• Water-Soluble (B Vitamins, Vitamin C)
  • Absorbed in water, enter the bloodstream directly.
  • Excess excreted through urine.
  • Functions: Energy production, tissue maintenance, collagen formation.
• Fat-Soluble (Vitamins A, D, E, K)
  • Absorbed with fats, stored in liver/fat tissues.
  • Functions: Bone health, vision protection, organ maintenance.

Types of Minerals

• Major Minerals (Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, etc.)
  • Needed in larger amounts.
  • Functions: Water balance, bone health, protein stabilization.
• Trace Minerals (Iron, Zinc, Fluoride, etc.)
  • Needed in small amounts but essential.
  • Functions: Oxygen transport (iron), bone strength (fluoride), immune support (zinc).

Feramax (Iron Supplement)

• Dose: 150 mg elemental iron per capsule, taken once daily.
• Safe for: Babies, children, pregnant/breastfeeding women.
• Tips: Intake with Vitamin C will result in better absorption; increase water intake to prevent constipation.

Dietary Sources:

• Heme Iron (better absorbed) – meat, fish.
• Non-Heme Iron (less absorbed) – cereals, beans, spinach.

Vitamin D3 ("Sunshine Vitamin")

• Function: Aids calcium absorption.
• Recommended Dose: 400IU – 2,000IU (higher for specific conditions: 3,000IU post-chemo, 5,000IU for MS).

Vitamin B12 ("Energy Vitamin")

• Function: Supports red blood cell formation, nervous system, and memory.
• Best Taken: In the morning.
• Dose: 300 – 10,000mcg daily for deficiency.
• Helps Metabolize: Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

• Function: Antioxidant; supports cardiovascular health and cellular energy.
• Use: Helps reduce muscle cramps from statin drugs.
• Interactions: Blood thinners, thyroid meds, some chemotherapy drugs.

Calcium Carbonate

• Function: Supports bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart.
• Additional Use: Acts as an antacid for heartburn/indigestion.
• Best Taken: With Vitamin D, in divided doses, 1-2 hours away from other medications.

Ensure Meal Replacements

• Suitable For: Non-diabetics (diabetics should use Glucerna).
• Consumption Options: Can be warmed, chilled, or frozen.
• Storage: Use/refrigerate within 4 hours of opening; consume refrigerated product within 48 hours.
• Additional Use: Can be used in cooking/baking.

MODULE 2 SUMMARY:

Constipation

• Infrequent bowel movements.
• Dry, hard stools that are difficult to pass.
• Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week indicate constipation.
• Belly bloating.

Common Causes of Constipation

• Low-fiber diet.
• Dehydration (inadequate water intake).
• Lack of exercise.
• Ignoring the urge to go.
• Travel or changes in routine.
• Medications/medical conditions (Parkinson's, MS).
• Pregnancy.
• Stress.

Treatment & Prevention

• Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids daily.
• Diet: Increase fiber-rich foods (vegetables, fruits, whole grains, prunes); reduce low-fiber foods (meat, dairy, processed foods).
• Exercise: Aim for 30 minutes per day (walking, swimming, biking).
• Limit dehydrating drinks: Alcohol, caffeine.
• Use fiber supplements/laxatives sparingly.
• Manage stress.
• Go when you feel the urge.

Diarrhea

• Loose, watery stools indicate diarrhea
• If diarrhea occurs 3 or more times a day, this is an indicator
• Usually short-lived (few days), but chronic diarrhea may indicate IBS or IBD.

Symptoms

• Loose, watery stools.
• Abdominal cramps/pain.
• Bloating, nausea.
• Fever (infection indicator).
• Blood/mucus in stool (seek medical attention).

Causes

• Viral infections: Norovirus (stomach flu), rotavirus.
• Bacteria/Parasites: Contaminated food/water, traveler's diarrhea, C. difficile.
• Medications: Antibiotics.
• Lactose or food intolerance.
• Surgery.

Treatment

• Mild cases: Over-the-counter medications (Imodium, Pepto Bismol).
• Hydration: Electrolyte drinks, caffeine-free beverages, clear fluids (chicken broth).
• Medication adjustments (consult healthcare provider).
• Vaccines before traveling.

RestoraLAX (Polyethylene Glycol)

• Osmotic laxative: Uses water in the body to soften stool and ease bowel movements.
• Recommended for occasional constipation.
• Gentle relief: No cramping, bloating, gas, or sudden urgency.
• Directions: Mix with 250mL (8 oz) of hot or cold liquid, dissolve completely, and drink.
• Time to effect: May take up to 24 hours to work.

Senokot 8.6mg

• Natural senna-based laxative for occasional constipation relief.
• Covered under ODB (Ontario Drug Benefit).
• Important: Take 2 hours apart from other medications (may interfere with absorption).
• Not for long-term use: Can lead to a "lazy bowel" effect.

Imodium (Loperamide) 2mg

• Dosage: Take 2 tablets initially, then 1 tablet after each loose stool (often works after one dose).
• Max daily dose: 16mg (8 tablets).
• Hydration is key: Drink clear fluids, water, or unsweetened juices.
• Avoid: Alcohol, milk, green vegetables, spicy or fatty foods (these can worsen diarrhea).

Docusate Sodium (Stool Softener)

• Time to effect: Usually works within 1 to 3 days.
• Best taken: At bedtime with 8 oz of water.

Warnings:

• Stop use immediately if diarrhea occurs.
• Do not use for more than 1 week.
• Increase fluid intake for better effectiveness.
• Pregnancy: Speak with a physician before use (not usually recommended).

Hydralyte – Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

• Balanced glucose & electrolytes for rapid rehydration.
• May be more effective than IV fluids in some cases.

Mixing instructions:

• Dissolve in 200mL of drinking water.
• For babies under 6 months, use cooled boiled water.

Storage:

• Discard after 6 hours (if left at room temperature).
• If refrigerated, discard after 24 hours.

Fleet Enema (Sodium Phosphate)

• Fast-acting: Works within 2-15 minutes.
• Usage: For fecal impaction, rectal exams, or diagnostic procedures.

Recommended positions:

• Left-side position.
• Knee-chest position.
• Ideal for patients 12+ who should avoid straining (e.g., post-episiotomy, hemorrhoids, or abdominal surgery).

MODULE 3 SUMMARY:

General Medication Safety for Children

• Medications can have varied effects due to individual sensitivities.
• Weight-based dosing is crucial (mg/kg), especially for infants.
• Incorrect dosing can lead to serious adverse effects.
• Long-term treatments require dose adjustments as the child grows.

Common Medications & What to Know

• Antihistamine: For runny nose, itchy eyes, sneezing, allergic reactions; may cause sleepiness, fussiness, nervousness, or restlessness.
• Cough Medicine: Loosens mucus & phlegm, relieves cough; Not recommended for children with asthma.
• Aspirin: For pain relief; Never give unless prescribed due to risk of Reye's syndrome.
• Hydrocortisone Cream: For insect bites, rashes, poison ivy; Avoid using on burns, infections, or broken skin.
• Pain & Fever Medications: Help with fever, headaches, body aches; Acetaminophen (Tylenol) & Ibuprofen (Advil) can be alternated for fever/pain BUT should be used cautiously.
• Stomach Medications: Treats heartburn, gas, constipation, diarrhea; Dietary changes may help; some contain aspirin, which is unsafe for children.

Cough & Cold Medications

• Not for children under 6 years old due to risks of severe side effects.
• Always check labels or consult a pediatrician

Unsafe Ingredients for Children Under 6:

• Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, promethazine)
• Antitussives (Cough suppressants) (e.g., dextromethorphan)
• Expectorants (e.g., guaifenesin)
• Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine)

Safety Tips for OTC Medications

• Avoid adult medications for children.
• Always follow label instructions.
• Be cautious of active ingredients when using multiple medications.
• Talk to a doctor before giving fever medication to infants under 6 months.
• Avoid chewable tablets for children under 3 years old.
• Store medications out of reach of children.

Proper Dosing Guidelines

• Follow age & weight-based dosing.
• Use provided measuring tools (dropper, syringe, dosing cup)—not household spoons.
• Never increase the dose if the child's symptoms seem worse.
• Consult a doctor before alternating acetaminophen & ibuprofen to avoid overdose risks.

Children's Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

• First-line treatment for pain and fever.

Dosing:

• Infants Tylenol: Every 4-6 hours.
• Ibuprofen: Every 8 hours (Tylenol is gentler on the stomach).
• Alternating dosing: If condition persists, alternating Tylenol and Ibuprofen is an option

Safety tips:

• Always use an oral syringe for accurate dosing.
• Never take multiple medications containing acetaminophen to avoid liver damage.
• Acetaminophen is found in over 450 medications—always check labels.

Thermometer & Fever Monitoring

• Why check temperature? Detects fever, which signals an infection or virus.

Normal body temperature:

• 98.6°F (37°C) (may fluctuate by 1°-2°F).
• Typically lower in the morning, higher during the day.
• Fever threshold: 100.4°F (38°C) or higher.

Methods of use:

• Oral (under tongue) – for adults & children over 4 years.
• Rectal - for children under 3 years (most accurate for infants).
• Axillary (underarm) – less accurate but can be used.
• Important: Never use an oral thermometer rectally or vice versa.

Children's Vitamins

• Supports bone, teeth, and overall health.
• Dosage: One daily (unless directed otherwise).
• Keep out of reach of children!
• Emergency: If a child ingests multiple vitamins or an entire bottle, contact a physician immediately.

Calamine Lotion

• Used for: Mild itch relief & drying out skin irritation.

Relieves:

• Insect bites
• Chickenpox
• Poisonous plants
• Scabies
• Minor burns

Application:

• Apply externally using a cotton pad
• Do not ingest.
• Caution: If irritation or rash develops, stop use immediately.

Nix Shampoo & Comb (Lice Treatment)

• For: Adults & children 2 months and older.

Application Steps:

1. Wash hair with shampoo only (no conditioner).
2. Towel dry with a clean towel.
3. Shake the bottle well and fully saturate the hair and scalp.
4. Pay special attention to behind the ears & back of the neck.
5. Leave on for 10 minutes, then rinse with warm water.
6. Repeat in 7 days if needed.

Aftercare:

• Wash all clothing, bedding, and stuffed animal
• Remove tangles, then use a nit comb or tweezers to remove lice eggs.
• Best practice: Part hair into sections and comb downward from the scalp.

Children's Advil (Ibuprofen)

• Relieves fever & pain from:
  • Immunizations
  • Earaches
  • Colds & flu
  • Sore throat
• Provides up to 8 hours of relief (longer than acetaminophen).
• NSAID classification: Unlike acetaminophen, ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
• DO NOT use if the child has:
  • An ulcer.
  • An ibuprofen allergy.
  • Been prescribed ASA (Aspirin) by a doctor.
  • Dehydration or liver problems.
  • A scheduled surgery (can increase bleeding risk).

MODULE 4 SUMMARY

Definition of an Allergy

• Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances (allergens).
• Histamine is the primary chemical responsible for symptoms.
• Reactions can occur immediately or hours after exposure.

Signs and Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction

• Anaphylaxis: A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction affecting two or more body systems:
  • Skin: Hives, swelling (face, lips, tongue), itching, redness.
  • Respiratory: Wheezing, throat tightness, coughing, difficulty breathing.
  • Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps.
  • Cardiovascular: Weak pulse, dizziness, pale skin, passing out, shock.
  • Other: Anxiety, metallic taste, headache, uterine cramps.

Common Allergy Symptoms

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever): Sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy/watery eyes.
• Most Dangerous Symptoms: Trouble breathing (airway swelling, severe asthma) and a drop in blood pressure (dizziness, fainting).

Allergies in Children

• Signs in babies (0-2 years): Changes in crying, excessive drooling, spitting up, irritability, sudden sleepiness.
• Young children: May describe symptoms as “funny feeling in the mouth” or “itchy tongue."
• Children with food allergies are 4x more likely to have asthma.

Types of Allergies

• Drug Allergy: Rare; reactions often due to drug properties, not allergy.
• Food Allergy: Includes IgE-mediated allergies, non-IgE mediated allergies, and intolerances.
• Insect Allergy: Stinging insects (bees, wasps, fire ants) & non-stinging (dust mites, cockroaches).
• Pet Allergy: No hypoallergenic breeds exist.
• Latex Allergy: Found in gloves, balloons, condoms; can be severe.
• Mold Allergy: Fungi-related; present year-round.
• Pollen Allergy: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever).

First-Line Therapy (Non-Anaphylaxis)

• Antihistamines: Pills, liquids, nasal sprays.
  • Treat: Itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing, allergic skin conditions (hives).
  • Mechanism: Blocks histamine receptors to prevent symptoms.
• Allergy Testing & Management

Complications

• Eczema, sinus infections, nasal polyps, migraines, sleep disorders can arise due to allergies
• Reduce allergies with effective treatments to improve quality of life

Tips to Reduce Allergies

• Know seasonal allergens.
• Wear protective gear (hat, sunglasses, gloves, masks).
• Keep windows/doors closed during allergy seasons.
• Shower before bed & change clothes after being outside.
• Clean weekly, use dehumidifiers, and allergy-proof bedding.

CLARITIN NASAL SPRAY

• Dosage: 2-3 sprays per nostril, twice daily (12-hour intervals).
• Precautions: Shake well before use, avoid prolonged/excessive use (may worsen congestion).
• Consult a doctor if symptoms persist after 3 days.

REACTINE TABLETS

• Dosage:
  • Adults & 12+ years: 1 tablet every 24 hours.
  • 65+ years: Use 5mg Regular Strength or consult a doctor.
• Warnings:
  • Do not exceed the recommended dose.
  • Avoid if pregnant, breastfeeding, or with liver/kidney disease without consulting a doctor.
  • Keep out of reach of children.
  • Store at 15-30°C.

BENADRYL ITCH RELIEF CREAM

• Dosage: Apply 3-4 times daily (for ages 2+).

Warnings:

• External use only; avoid raw/blistered skin.
• Do not use on chickenpox, measles, or large areas.
• Avoid contact with eyes/mucous membranes.
• Discontinue if rash/burning occurs.
• Do not use if allergic to diphenhydramine or with other diphenhydramine products.

EPI-PEN

• How to Use:
  • Remove blue safety cap.
  • Place orange tip on outer thigh, push until it clicks.
  • Hold for 3 seconds.
  • Seek emergency medical attention immediately.
• Additional Dose: If no improvement, a second dose can be given 5-15 minutes after the first, but do not exceed 2 doses in a row.
• Overdose signs: Irregular heartbeat, breathing difficulty, high blood pressure.

VISINE ALLERGY EYE DROPS

• Dosage: 1-2 drops per eye, up to 4 times daily.

Warnings:

• Do not use if you have glaucoma.
• Avoid use with contact lenses.
• Overuse may worsen redness.
• Discontinue if symptoms persist over 72 hours.

NETI-POT

Steps:

1. Fill with sterile, lukewarm saline solution.
2. Tilt head 45°, insert spout into upper nostril.
3. Pour solution; it should drain from the lower nostril.
4. Repeat for the other nostril.

Safety:

• Use distilled/boiled/filtered water (avoid tap water).
• Clean and dry after each use.
• Do not use on infants.
• Stop if stinging or ear pain occurs.

MODULE 5 SUMMARY

What Are Fungi & Yeast?

• Fungi are primitive plants that reproduce via spores or budding.
• Types: Mold, mildew, yeast, mushrooms.
• Candida is a yeast-caused fungus.

Fungal Infections (Mycoses)

• Caused by dermatophytes, which thrive on keratin in skin, nails, and hair.
• Named based on infection site:
  • Tinea manus (hands)
  • Tinea corporis (body)
  • Tinea capitis (head)
  • Tinea unguium (nails)
• Treated with antifungal drugs.

Athlete's Foot (Tinea Pedis)

• Common fungal infection causing peeling, flaking, redness, and itching between toes.

Prevention Tips:

• Keep feet clean & dry.
• Wear open sandals & cotton socks.
• Avoid walking barefoot in public spaces.
• Use antifungal powders/creams to prevent recurrence.

Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)

• Caused by Candida yeast in skin & mucous membranes (groin, mouth, vagina, etc.).

Risk Factors:

• Age, diabetes, pregnancy.
• Hormone therapy, birth control, antibiotics.
• Weak immune system, sexual activity, poor hygiene.

Treatment of Fungal & Yeast Infections

• Most treated with OTC antifungal agents.

Antifungal Mechanisms:

1. Destroy fungal cell membrane.
2. Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis (prevents replication).
3. Inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Canesten Cream (Clotrimazole)

• External Use
  • Apply 2x daily for up to 7 days.
  • Symptoms should improve within 3 days; otherwise, see a doctor.

Precautions:

• Wear cotton underwear, use a panty liner.
• May reduce latex effectiveness (condoms, diaphragms).
• Wash hands before & after application.

Monistat Ovules (Miconazole)

• Treats vaginal itching, burning, white discharge from yeast infections.
• Insert 1 ovule nightly for 3 nights (use applicator, even during menstruation).

Diflucan (Fluconazole)

• Single-dose pill (1 pill, 1 day treatment).
• Works for up to 7 days; symptoms improve within 24 hours and should be gone in 7 days.
• Ping-pong effect: Use protection during sex to prevent reinfection between partners.

Nizoral Shampoo (Ketoconazole)

• Anti-dandruff shampoo (treats flaking, scaling, itching).
• Use twice a week between regular shampoos.
• Results in 2-4 weeks.

Tinactin Cream (Tolnaftate)

• Apply thin layer 2x daily (morning & bedtime) for 4 weeks.
• Non-staining, non-stinging; helps hydrate skin.
• Relieves itching, burning, cracked skin.
• Wash hands before & after use.

Polysporin Cream/Ointment

• Used for minor cuts, scrapes, burns.
• Clean area, then apply 1-3 times daily.
• Speeds up healing, absorbs quickly.