Questions and Answers
Who is considered the founder of experimental medicine?
Claude Bernard
Who is recognized as the first lab animal veterinarian?
Simon D. Brimhall, VMD
Who is known as one of the five founders of ACP (American College of Physicians)?
Bennett Cohen
Who is considered a veterinary pioneer in comparative medicine and women's health?
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What is recommended for tail tissue removal in rabbits and guinea pigs before 17 days old?
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At what stage is death as an endpoint considered unacceptable?
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At what point does conscious perception of pain in rat fetuses occur?
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When is anesthesia advised for potentially painful procedures in late-term fetuses?
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What physiological differences affect neonatal rodents?
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What may cause pain or distress if prolonged beyond normal presurgical preparation?
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What is recommended as positive reinforcement in research protocols?
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What is advised in conditioned-response research protocols?
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Who pioneered the concept of disease-free animal colonies?
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What did the Animal Care Panel (ACP) become?
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Who is considered the founder of biology and conducted the first dissections revealing internal differences among animals?
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Who is credited as possibly the first to perform experiments on living animals, establishing the trachea as an air tube and the lungs as pneumatic from pigs?
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Which legislation was the first reflecting concern for animals in research, emphasizing licensed researchers using animals, particularly in painful research and the use of anesthesia?
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Which freedoms were proposed by Brambell and adopted by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council in 1979?
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When were IACUCs (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees) mandated?
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Who introduced the concept of speciesism in 1950?
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What does Table 39.3 provide indicators of in several common laboratory animals?
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What does the US Government Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training endorse?
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What do the ethical theories Deontology and Utilitarianism focus on?
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What do the ethical guidelines and principles outlined in the text serve as?
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What do the principles emphasize for procedures causing more than momentary or slight pain or distress?
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What is the main focus of the ethical considerations in animal research highlighted in the text?
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What is the primary focus of laboratory animal medicine?
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What does animal welfare in research primarily involve?
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What is the aim of the veterinary profession in relation to animal welfare?
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What is the focus of comparative medicine?
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What does laboratory animal science encompass?
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What is the primary focus of animal experimentation?
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What does animal welfare in research aim to minimize?
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What does the conservation and management of animal populations aim to be?
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What is the primary focus of laboratory animal care?
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What is the primary focus of the first legislation addressing animals in research?
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What does laboratory animal medicine primarily focus on?
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What does the text emphasize about the treatment of animals in laboratory settings?
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Who is considered the founder of modern anatomy?
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Who is often referred to as the founder of experimental medicine?
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Who was the recipient of the first DVM degree in the US?
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Who was the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine-related academic activities?
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Who was the first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory animal medicine at an American medical research institution?
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Who was the founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president?
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Who chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals?
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Who is credited as possibly the first to perform experiments on living animals, establishing the trachea as an air tube and the lungs as pneumatic organs in pigs?
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Who performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other species?
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Who is recognized as the first lab animal veterinarian?
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Who is considered a veterinary pioneer in comparative medicine and women's health?
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Who is known as one of the five founders of ACP (American College of Physicians)?
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Study Notes
Animal Welfare and Research Ethics
- Aristotle is considered the founder of biology and conducted the first dissections revealing internal differences among animals.
- Erasistratus is credited as possibly the first to perform experiments on living animals, establishing the trachea as an air tube and the lungs as pneumatic from pigs.
- The Cruelty to Animals Act (1876) in Great Britain was the first legislation reflecting concern for animals in research, emphasizing licensed researchers using animals, particularly in painful research and the use of anesthesia.
- The Five Freedoms, proposed by Brambell and adopted by the UK Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council in 1979, include freedom from hunger and thirst, discomfort, pain, injury, disease, and fear and distress.
- IACUCs (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees) were mandated in 1979, and the concept of speciesism was introduced by Singer in 1950.
- Table 39.3 provides indicators of pain in several common laboratory animals, including general behavior, appearance, and other characteristics.
- The Guide endorses the responsibilities of investigators, as stated in the US Government Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training.
- The principles include considerations for transportation, care, and use of animals, relevance of procedures to human or animal health, minimum number of animals required, and proper use of animals.
- The principles also emphasize the use of appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia for procedures causing more than momentary or slight pain or distress, and the provision of appropriate living conditions for animals.
- Deontology, based on the idea of right and wrong, and utilitarianism, which looks at the consequences of actions, are ethical theories relevant to animal welfare and research ethics.
- The text highlights the importance of ethical considerations in animal research, including the welfare of animals used in biomedical activities and the ethical theories guiding such practices.
- The ethical guidelines and principles outlined in the text serve as a framework for the responsible and ethical conduct of animal research and experimentation, emphasizing the welfare and well-being of animals involved.
History of Laboratory Animal Medicine
- PHS Policy emphasizes minimizing distress, pain, and discomfort in animal research, and the use of humane endpoints.
- Toe-clipping is an invasive method of identification, preferred for neonatal mice up to 7 days old, especially for genotyping, and should be done aseptically with appropriate anesthesia.
- Erasistratus was probably the first to perform experiments on living animals, establishing the trachea as an air tube and the lungs as pneumatic organs in pigs.
- Galen performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other species.
- Andreas Vesalius is considered the founder of modern anatomy.
- Claude Bernard is often referred to as the founder of experimental medicine.
- D.E. Salmon was the recipient of the first DVM degree in the US.
- The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) was established in England.
- Dr. Carl F. Schlotthauer was the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine-related academic activities.
- Dr. Simon D. Brimhall was the first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory animal medicine at an American medical research institution.
- Dr. Nathan R. Brewer was the founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president.
- Dr. Bennett Cohen chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan.
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