Questions and Answers
Which antibody is associated with local immunity in the GI tract, respiratory tract, and conjunctiva?
IgA
During the first exposure to an antigen, which type of antibody is produced?
IgM
Which antibody is produced in future immune responses?
IgG
Which antibody is associated with inflammatory reactions and parasitic infections?
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Which antibody is detected for months to years after future exposures to an antigen?
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Which type of immune response is characterized by a rapid (1-2 days) and strong (high antibody titer) reaction?
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Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies pass through the placenta from dam to fetus?
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In dogs and cats, antibodies are transferred primarily through which method?
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What determines the protective level of passive immunity in puppies and kittens?
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When does the transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus occur?
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Which type of immunity develops antibodies to antigens after exposure to a pathogen in the environment?
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In which way can passive immunity occur in newborns?
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Which of the following is classified as a noncore vaccine for dogs?
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What is the recommended revaccination interval for DA2PP & FVRCP vaccines according to AAHA/AAFP?
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Which adverse vaccine event requires immediate contact with a veterinarian?
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What is the onset of immunity for noninfectious vaccines compared to infectious vaccines?
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Which adverse event may require treatment with injectable antihistamine and steroid?
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Which adverse event is considered potentially more severe but rare?
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What is the recommended action for animals with severe or life-threatening vaccine reactions?
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What is the timing for the typical administration of vaccines to stimulate active immunity in animals?
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What is the purpose of adjuvants in some noninfectious vaccines?
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What is the advantage of noninfectious vaccines over infectious vaccines?
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What is the aim of infectious vaccines, such as modified live attenuated and recombinant types?
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What is the recommended route for administering vaccines in animals?
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What is the difference between core and noncore vaccines for animals?
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Study Notes
Vaccine Administration and Types in Animals
- Passive immunity in dogs and cats due to high levels of maternally acquired antibodies can make early immunization ineffective.
- Active immune response is generally possible in animals by 6-12 weeks of age, but the timing of the loss of passive immunity and the maturity of the immune system is difficult to determine.
- Vaccines are typically given every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age to stimulate active immunity and protect animals from disease.
- Only 1-2 vaccinations are usually needed to stimulate an immune response in older animals, as passive immunity no longer interferes.
- Vaccine types aim to stimulate active immunity without causing disease and are classified into noninfectious and infectious categories.
- Noninfectious vaccines include whole pathogens that are killed or subunits, with limitations in stimulating a strong immune response.
- Adjuvants are added to some noninfectious vaccines to help stimulate a stronger immune response, but they can also cause reactions.
- Noninfectious vaccines have the advantage of not causing disease and are more stable than infectious vaccines, such as the rabies vaccine.
- Infectious vaccines, including modified live attenuated and recombinant types, aim to stimulate immunity without causing disease, but may cause disease if not altered enough.
- Vaccines typically involve refrigeration, and infectious vaccines lack stability, being freeze-dried to extend stability.
- Vaccines are administered through subcutaneous or intramuscular routes, with some given intranasally to stimulate local immunity, but transdermal administration is uncommon.
- Core vaccines are recommended for all animals of a species, while noncore vaccines are elective and not recommended for every animal based on exposure and lifestyle risk of disease.
