Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors is considered a component of immune competence in animals?
Which of the following factors is considered a component of immune competence in animals?
- Breed size
- Animal vitality (correct)
- Tail length
- Coat color
Adaptive capacity in animals refers to the ability to undergo significant changes in their fundamental genetic makeup when faced with a changing environment.
Adaptive capacity in animals refers to the ability to undergo significant changes in their fundamental genetic makeup when faced with a changing environment.
False (B)
Which of the following is most closely associated with the maturation of the chicken mucosal immune system?
Which of the following is most closely associated with the maturation of the chicken mucosal immune system?
- Maturation of dendritic cells (correct)
- Increased feather production
- Limb length
- Decreased appetite
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced exposure to microbes in early life can lead to an increased susceptibility to ______ diseases.
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced exposure to microbes in early life can lead to an increased susceptibility to ______ diseases.
Match the following components with their function in neonate protection against pathogens:
Match the following components with their function in neonate protection against pathogens:
In chickens, the intestinal microenvironment is most dynamic during which period post-hatch?
In chickens, the intestinal microenvironment is most dynamic during which period post-hatch?
Dendritic cells, found in both chickens and other species, have different functions across species to accommodate species-specific immune responses.
Dendritic cells, found in both chickens and other species, have different functions across species to accommodate species-specific immune responses.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) like ______ recognize molecular patterns on pathogens.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) like ______ recognize molecular patterns on pathogens.
What is the best definition for adaptive capacity?
What is the best definition for adaptive capacity?
Which of the following is considered as improving the adaptive capacity of animals?
Which of the following is considered as improving the adaptive capacity of animals?
Introducing bacteria into germ-free animals always leads to disease due to the underdeveloped immune system.
Introducing bacteria into germ-free animals always leads to disease due to the underdeveloped immune system.
What is the main role of maternal antibodies, like IgG and IgA, in neonates?
What is the main role of maternal antibodies, like IgG and IgA, in neonates?
Match the cells with their role in the intestinal mucosal immune system:
Match the cells with their role in the intestinal mucosal immune system:
What type of signals do activated dendritic cells provide for T-helper cell differentiation?
What type of signals do activated dendritic cells provide for T-helper cell differentiation?
According to the hygiene hypothesis, a completely sterile environment is most beneficial for developing a robust immune system in early childhood.
According to the hygiene hypothesis, a completely sterile environment is most beneficial for developing a robust immune system in early childhood.
According to the hygiene hypothesis, what could be a consequence of reduced exposure to diverse microbes in early life?
According to the hygiene hypothesis, what could be a consequence of reduced exposure to diverse microbes in early life?
According to the research, gritty rats and mice living in sewers and farms seem to have ______ immune systems than clean cousins.
According to the research, gritty rats and mice living in sewers and farms seem to have ______ immune systems than clean cousins.
What is the typical weaning age for piglets in commercial pig husbandry?
What is the typical weaning age for piglets in commercial pig husbandry?
Weaning in pigs typically only involves one major stress factor: the abrupt change from milk to solid feed.
Weaning in pigs typically only involves one major stress factor: the abrupt change from milk to solid feed.
Which of the following management strategies may reduce weaning stress in piglets?
Which of the following management strategies may reduce weaning stress in piglets?
Name three potential issues of weaning in pigs.
Name three potential issues of weaning in pigs.
Match the following events to if they happen before or at weaning
Match the following events to if they happen before or at weaning
What is a key component of pre-weaning solutions aimed at preparing piglets for weaning?
What is a key component of pre-weaning solutions aimed at preparing piglets for weaning?
High variation in feed intake between litters is not an important factor for pre- or post-weaning piglet health.
High variation in feed intake between litters is not an important factor for pre- or post-weaning piglet health.
The design of the ______ can stimulate exploration behavior during feeding.
The design of the ______ can stimulate exploration behavior during feeding.
Which of the following is an advantage of socialising piglets pre-weaning?
Which of the following is an advantage of socialising piglets pre-weaning?
Which of the following is involved post-weaning problems, but is not the sole initiator?
Which of the following is involved post-weaning problems, but is not the sole initiator?
Piglets should be moved to a climate that is the same or similar to the previous climate.
Piglets should be moved to a climate that is the same or similar to the previous climate.
Which is not an example of a cascade of events in post-weaning enteric disorders in pigs?
Which is not an example of a cascade of events in post-weaning enteric disorders in pigs?
Match the number of days with the description.
Match the number of days with the description.
Name two factors that contribute to post-weaning pig stress.
Name two factors that contribute to post-weaning pig stress.
Which of the following accurately describes 'intermittent suckling' in piglets?
Which of the following accurately describes 'intermittent suckling' in piglets?
The health of the mother does not have a large role in that of her neonates (piglets).
The health of the mother does not have a large role in that of her neonates (piglets).
Which method should the diet of piglets be changes?
Which method should the diet of piglets be changes?
Microbial exposure can increase what aspect in pigs ______?
Microbial exposure can increase what aspect in pigs ______?
Give three examples that would cause weaning challenges in piglets.
Give three examples that would cause weaning challenges in piglets.
What is a factor to consider from the 'environmental aspects'?
What is a factor to consider from the 'environmental aspects'?
For T helper cell polarization, Signals from the microenvironment do not direct the response of the dendritic cells.
For T helper cell polarization, Signals from the microenvironment do not direct the response of the dendritic cells.
Give two reasons why you would want to wean a piglet.
Give two reasons why you would want to wean a piglet.
Match the location to how it affects health
Match the location to how it affects health
Why is hygiene important?
Why is hygiene important?
Flashcards
Adaptive capacity
Adaptive capacity
The ability of an animal to adapt to a changing environment with minimal loss of function.
Genetic selection
Genetic selection
Improving adaptive capacity through deliberate breeding choices for desired traits.
Development
Development
Enhancing adaptive capacity by optimizing animal development.
Facilitation
Facilitation
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Germ-free animals
Germ-free animals
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Neonatal Chicken Immunity
Neonatal Chicken Immunity
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Intestinal mucosal immune system
Intestinal mucosal immune system
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Post-hatch Immunity
Post-hatch Immunity
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Mucosal Dendritic Cells
Mucosal Dendritic Cells
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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
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T Helper Cell Responses
T Helper Cell Responses
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Hygiene Hypothesis
Hygiene Hypothesis
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Pig weaning
Pig weaning
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Stress on piglets after weaning
Stress on piglets after weaning
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Piglet behavior during weaning
Piglet behavior during weaning
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Piglet problems during weaning
Piglet problems during weaning
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Pre-weaning factor on piglets
Pre-weaning factor on piglets
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Make smart Pre-weaning Choices
Make smart Pre-weaning Choices
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Stimulate Feed Intake
Stimulate Feed Intake
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Weaning Management
Weaning Management
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Socializing piglets pre-weaning
Socializing piglets pre-weaning
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During lactation, add trough design
During lactation, add trough design
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Intermittenet suckling
Intermittenet suckling
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Study Notes
Course Information
- The course is Animal Science 322 for Livestock and Poultry Diseases
- The instructor is Dr Lourdes V. Icalla, Associate Professor, Mindora State University
Major Topics for Midterm AS 207
- These topics include introduction to disease, health, welfare, and management
- Also include notifiable diseases
Introduction
- Introduces topic to MSC 207
- Discusses emerging diseases in Asia and the Pacific
- Discusses emerging infectious diseases WHO
- Covers the current status of important transboundary diseases
- Goes over One Health Approach OIE Diseases
Health vs Disease
- Gives an overview of the immune system
- Describes Animal Disease Prevention and Control
Health Welfare and Management
- Covers immune competence and animal vitality
- Focuses on Chicken Vitality and Chicken Competence (Decuypere, 2001)
- Describes Pig Vitality (Brisbin, 2008; Clavijo & Vives Fl´orez, 2017)
Hygiene Hypothesis
- The hygiene hypothesis considers Diversity of microbiota
- Early life infections are an important consideration
- Endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides are also an important consideration
Pig Vitality
- Weaning in nature happens between 10 - 16 weeks of age
- It is a gradual transition from milk to dry feed
- Includes learning from the mother and adaptation and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract from a variety of feed sources
How to optimize the weaning process
- An optimized process covers weaning of pigs and associated problems
- “Environmental” aspects must be taken into account
- Preparation of piglets is essential before weaning
- Development of feed intake behavior is vital
Weaning in pig husbandry
- This happens usually at 3-4 weeks of age
- EU regulations stipulate lactation should be at least 3 to 4 weeks given there are problems
- Organic EU is roughly 6 weeks/40 days
“Stress” factors during weaning
- Consists of being away from the sow and different housing for pigs
- It also includes mixing of litters, abrupt change from milk to dry feed
Associated signs of distress with low level weaning
- They cause the high frequency of calls that are greater than 500 Hz
- Diets that contain high complexity reduce the amount of distress calls
Decreased piglet growth
- A reduced piglet growth or even eventual weight loss is directly associated
- Manipulative behaviour, belly nosing and decrease in intestinal function resulting in dirrhoea is an indicator
Cascade of events in post weaning enteric disorders in pigs
- Digestive tract maturity occurs prior to weaning
- There can be changes in feeding composition level and changes in digestive tract microflora
- Environmental conditions includes climate, hygiene, feeding
Environmental conditions
- Also include the management, that is, the weaning age and digestive efficacy reduction
- This is alongside non digested food which can cause increase of bacteria population
The Role of E. Coli
- Produce factors that damage the intestines
- It is involved in the post-weaning problems, however, it is not the sole initiator
E.Coli facts
- Inoculation causes ~50% diarrhea
- Can lead to diarrhea and mortality, in the case of pre-treating antibiotics, PLUS TGE-virus
- Can be a no-diarrhoea (Wathes, 1989)
Post Weaning Enteric Disorders
- Should occur only with all-in/out + dry floor + clean and warm (<24C)
- Can occur with NH3<10ppm, CO2<0.15%, air speed<0.1m/s, no draught, RH>85% (humidity) environment in post weaning
- Pig Feed (pre/post wean) can cause the disorder Health/Hygiene, and Climate
Pre-Weaning Factors
- Factors include feed intake, age, and weight at weaning
- Environment post-weaning and appropriate feeding behavior is important
Pre-Wean solutions
- Solutions often stimulate feed intake
- Often is a Creep feed which should taste, smell, and appear attractive
- There is often need to stimulate drinking behaviour with a bowler or nipple type feature
Weaning management
- Weaning management considers age, weight and avoids mixing of litters
- Socialising piglets pre-weaning is essential
Piglet feed solutions
- High variation in feed intake between and within litters
- During lactation, it is generally quite low
- This can involve a feeding trough design using something to stimulate exploration
Reducing stress from socialization of piglets
- Mixing piglets at weaning causes and aggression
- This reduces feed intake and welfare
- "Might reduce stress at weaning and thereby affect post-weaning behaviour and performance"
- There tends to be more post-wean fighting which is more dependent on age
Improving feed intake
- May consist of Intermittent suckling that involves a separation of sow and piglets during a fixed period per day
- This should be a continuous presence sow and be intermittent during lactation and weaning
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