30 Questions
Which practice schedule involves the amount of rest between trials equaling or exceeding the amount of time in a trial?
Spaced Practice
In the context of motor skill acquisition, which practice schedule is more effective?
Spaced
In the context of learning a new language, which practice schedule is more effective?
Massed
In the context of immediate application of a skill, which practice schedule is more effective?
Massed
In the context of test preparation, which practice schedule is more effective?
Spaced
In the context of simple and repetitive tasks, which practice schedule is more effective?
Massed
In the context of complex cognitive tasks, which practice schedule is more effective?
Spaced
In the context of learning scientific concepts and theories, which practice schedule is more effective?
Spaced
Which practice schedule involves the amount of practice time in a trial being greater than the amount of rest between trials?
Massed Practice
Which practice schedule involves the capacity to apply the acquired motor skills to new and different situations or tasks?
Spaced Practice
Which type of practice is recommended for enduring knowledge retention and complex cognitive skills?
Spaced practice
What kind of tasks is massed practice beneficial for?
Discrete tasks with specific start and end points
What kind of tasks is spaced practice suitable for?
Continuous tasks that require sustained engagement and breaks
What is inferred from performance and tested through retention and transfer tests?
Motor learning
What does operant conditioning focus on?
Relationships between the environment and behavior
What are emitted behaviors in operant conditioning?
Voluntary actions influenced by consequences
What did Skinner's scientific question focus on?
What controls the frequency of emitted behaviors
What does operant conditioning involve using to strengthen behavior?
Reinforcers
What are primary reinforcers?
Stimuli that naturally reinforce behavior
When must reinforcement occur to be effective?
Immediately after the response
What is continuous reinforcement (CRF) in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing every instance of a target behavior
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Involving reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
What is the role of ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?
Nourishing and protecting neural tissue
Why is animal research essential in studying the neural basis of learning and brain function?
It provides understanding of brain and physiological changes
What is the purpose of ethical approval in animal research?
To ensure animals are not maltreated and to ensure the scientific merit of the research
Why do 86% of drugs that pass phase 1 clinical trials in humans fail in phase 2 or 3?
Highlighting the importance of animal research in uncovering disease mechanisms
What is the primary purpose of alternative approaches to animal research, such as epidemiological studies and human brain imaging?
To lack the same level of experimental control and examination of brain mechanisms
What does human research primarily investigate in relation to treatments and therapies?
Cultural, personality, and social factors
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
The reduction in frequency of a previously reinforced response when the response is no longer reinforced
What does partial reinforcement (PRF) involve in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing some, but not all, instances of a behavior
Study Notes
Animal Research and Training Techniques in Psychology
- Magazine training is a classical conditioning technique used to turn a neutral stimulus into a secondary reinforcer.
- Shaping is an operant training procedure involving reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
- Extinction in operant conditioning is the reduction in frequency of a previously reinforced response when the response is no longer reinforced.
- Continuous reinforcement (CRF) refers to reinforcing every instance of a target behavior, while partial reinforcement (PRF) reinforces some, but not all, instances of a behavior.
- Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play a crucial role in nourishing and protecting neural tissue in the brain.
- Animal research is essential in studying the neural basis of learning, neurobiology of diseases, mental health issues, and brain function.
- Human research investigates cause and effect for treatments and therapies, considering cultural, personality, and social factors.
- Animal research complements human research by providing understanding of brain and physiological changes.
- Alternative approaches to animal research, such as epidemiological studies and human brain imaging, lack the same level of experimental control and examination of brain mechanisms.
- 86% of drugs that pass phase 1 clinical trials in humans fail in phase 2 or 3, highlighting the importance of animal research in uncovering disease mechanisms.
- Animal research requires ethical approval to ensure animals are not maltreated and to ensure the scientific merit of the research.
- Value judgments need to be made regarding the type and amount of animal research, and ethical approval by committees is essential.
Test your knowledge of animal research and training techniques in psychology with this informative quiz. Explore classical conditioning, operant training procedures, the role of animal research in studying neural basis of learning, and ethical considerations in conducting animal research.
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