Animal Research and Ethics Overview

Study Notes

Animal experimentation has evolved over time, with ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks changing.
The UK has specific laws governing animal research on vertebrates.
Ethical procedures and approvals are needed for experiments.
The 3Rs principle (Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement) is crucial for humane science.
The public generally supports animal research for medical purposes (e.g., 64% in an Ipsos MORI survey).

Common research animals include mice, rats, monkeys, and others, depending on objectives.
Animal models are used due to shared DNA (e.g., 95% with mice) and ability to mimic human conditions.

Animal models have led to important discoveries, such as insulin, penicillin, DNA structure, vaccines (e.g., polio, hepatitis B, COVID-19).
They allow for the study of diseases in a way similar to humans.

Developed by Russell and Burch in 1959, promoting the humane use of animals in research.
Reduction: Minimizing the number of animals used to maximize data obtained (power calculations, efficient experimental design).
Replacement: Finding alternative methods, like human cells/tissues (e.g., HeLa cells), in vitro models (mini-brains, organ-on-a-chip), and computational models (in silico).
Refinement: Improving animal welfare through better handling, housing, and care procedures. Refining existing practices (example: stress reduction in mice).

The UK's Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA) governs animal research and is enforced by the Home Office.
Licenses and guidelines exist for researchers, facilities, and projects.

The EU banned animal cosmetics testing in 2013.
Researchers are exploring alternative models, including human skin models, spheroids, organoids, silica techniques for drug screening, etc.

Scientists have a duty to reduce reliance on animal models and seek alternative methods.
Emphasizing the application of new technologies and ethical practices.