Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which plants regulate water loss through stomatal pores?
Guard cell potassium ion pumps
Which of the following photosynthetic pathways is characteristic of plants adapted to hot, arid environments?
CAM pathway
What is the primary function of phytohormones in plant growth and development?
Regulation of cell elongation
What is the term for the ability of plants to respond to the length of daylight to regulate their growth and development?
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What is the term for the process by which plants shed their leaves, flowers, or fruits?
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What is the primary function of respiratory pigments in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cardiac cycle?
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What is the primary function of the kidney in the process of excretion?
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What is the term for the phenomenon where the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases as the partial pressure of oxygen increases?
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What is the term for the process by which nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse?
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What is the primary role of hormones in invertebrates?
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Study Notes
Animal Physiology
- Respiratory system organization: structure and function of trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
- Respiratory pigments: hemoglobin, myoglobin, and their role in oxygen transport
- Gas exchange principles: diffusion, partial pressure, and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Oxygen dissociation curve: sigmoid shape, factors affecting oxygen binding, and Bohr effect
- Cardiovascular physiology: heart structure, heartbeat coordination, cardiac cycle, and blood circulation
- Invertebrate circulation: open and closed circulatory systems, heart structure, and circulation patterns
- Excretion: organs of excretion (kidneys, liver, skin), origin of excretory products, and kidney function
- Hormonal regulation of kidney function: role of ADH, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide
- Clinical cases: glucosuria, osmoregulation, and glucose excretion
Control and Coordination
- Neuron structure: myelinated, nonmyelinated, and synaptic conduction of nerve impulses
- Muscle physiology: structure and properties of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
- Muscle contraction: sliding filament theory, muscle types, and neuromuscular junction
- Endocrine system: common features, role in metabolism, homeostasis, behavior, and development
- Hormones in invertebrates: role in development, growth, and reproduction
Reproduction and Development
- Human reproductive systems: male and female reproductive organs, menstrual cycle, and gamete production
- Fertilization, implantation, embryo development, pregnancy, and parturition
- Birth control and contraception: types, mechanisms, and effectiveness
Plant Physiology
- Water relations: absorption, movement, diffusion, osmosis, and water potential concept
- Transpiration: types, mechanisms, and factors affecting rate
- Gaseous exchange: mechanism of stomatal movement, types, and factors affecting rate
- Mineral nutrition: macro and micronutrients, deficiency disorders, and biological nitrogen fixation
- Photosynthesis: photosynthetic pigments, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, and CO2 fixation pathways
- Growth and movement: growth phases, phytohormone action, hormone applications, and seed dormancy
- Germination, growth movements, apical dominance, senescence, and abscission
- Photoperiodism, types of movements, and senescence
Stress Physiology
- Plant responses to stress: drought, temperature, salinity, and oxidative stress
- Mechanisms of stress tolerance: adaptation, acclimation, and signaling pathways
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