Animal Physiology Lecture 1: Gamete Biology and hPGC Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of SRY gene in sex determination in mice?

  • Suppresses sex determination
  • Regulates epigenetic events
  • Controls migration of PGCs
  • Activates sex determination (correct)

During primordial germ cell development, what is the role of Epiblast?

  • Controls sex determination
  • Suppresses migration of PGCs
  • Induces imprinting
  • Gives rise to all other cells (correct)

What is the main purpose of spermiogenesis?

  • Activation of transcription in sperm
  • Multiplication of sperm stem cells
  • Elimination of epigenetic marks
  • Differentiation into mature sperm (correct)

What happens to post-meiotic sperm in terms of transcriptional activity?

<p>They become transcriptionally inactive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the formation of the acrosomal cap in sperm?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of protamines in sperm?

<p>Replace histones to pack DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein phosphorylation in oocyte maturation?

<p>It activates and influences signaling pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT involved in in vitro fertilization?

<p>Embryo implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does nuclear transfer prove?

<p>Differentiated cells have all the genetic information of an individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts?

<p>Embryonic stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LIF and BMP4 signals in maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells?

<p>They signal to maintain pluripotency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Oct-4 in embryonic stem cells?

<p>It is restricted to cells that give rise to ICM &amp; trophectoderm differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes human embryonic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells?

<p>Different dependence on feeder layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of stem cells that can be derived from mammals?

<p>(PGC) and (ICM) stem cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of teratomas in stem cell biology assays?

<p>To represent a tumour containing multiple cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) and Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells?

<p>SCNT involves transferring a nucleus to an enucleated egg, while iPS reprograms existing cells into pluripotent stem cells without the need for an egg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the applications of Cellular Reprogramming Technologies?

<p>Disease modeling, drug development, regenerative medicine, and understanding developmental processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are used for iPS and what is their target in somatic cells?

<p>Transcription factors like Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc are used. They target and modify gene expression in the nucleus of somatic cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical controversy surrounding Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) and Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) technologies?

<p>SCNT involves the destruction of embryos and has raised ethical concerns, while iPS technologies are generally considered ethically less controversial as they avoid embryo destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are recombinant proteins made?

<p>Recombinant proteins are produced by introducing a gene encoding the protein into a host organism such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using recombinant proteins?

<p>Large-scale production, precision in protein design, and potential for therapeutic applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are transgenic animals created using somatic nuclear transfer?

<p>The nucleus from a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated egg to create a cloned organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of restriction enzymes in their natural state?

<p>Protecting bacteria from viral infections by cutting foreign DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inventor of the dideoxy method of DNA sequencing?

<p>Frederick Sanger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible disadvantages of producing compounds using biotechnology in eukaryotic hosts?

<p>Need for post-translational processing and low success rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ethical restraints on biotechnology addressed in the text?

<p>National and international laws governing biotechnology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory body may be involved in overseeing biotechnology in certain countries?

<p>Agencies like the FDA, EPA, and others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pronuclear gene injection and somatic nuclear transfer methods used for in biotechnology?

<p>Creating cloned organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gene knock out animals?

<p>Disrupting or eliminating specific genes for studying gene function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of restriction enzymes?

<p>Originally derived from bacteria as part of their defense against viral DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used in modern DNA sequencers for high-throughput and rapid sequencing?

<p>DNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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