Animal Physiology Lecture 1: Gamete Biology and hPGC Development

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What is the function of SRY gene in sex determination in mice?

Suppresses sex determination

Regulates epigenetic events

Controls migration of PGCs

Activates sex determination (correct)

During primordial germ cell development, what is the role of Epiblast?

Controls sex determination

Suppresses migration of PGCs

Induces imprinting

Gives rise to all other cells (correct)

What is the main purpose of spermiogenesis?

Activation of transcription in sperm

Multiplication of sperm stem cells

Elimination of epigenetic marks

Differentiation into mature sperm (correct)

What happens to post-meiotic sperm in terms of transcriptional activity?

They become transcriptionally inactive Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for the formation of the acrosomal cap in sperm?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of protamines in sperm?

Replace histones to pack DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein phosphorylation in oocyte maturation?

It activates and influences signaling pathways Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT involved in in vitro fertilization?

Embryo implantation Signup and view all the answers

What does nuclear transfer prove?

Differentiated cells have all the genetic information of an individual Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts?

Embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LIF and BMP4 signals in maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells?

They signal to maintain pluripotency Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Oct-4 in embryonic stem cells?

It is restricted to cells that give rise to ICM & trophectoderm differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes human embryonic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells?

Different dependence on feeder layers Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of stem cells that can be derived from mammals?

(PGC) and (ICM) stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of teratomas in stem cell biology assays?

To represent a tumour containing multiple cell types Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) and Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells?

SCNT involves transferring a nucleus to an enucleated egg, while iPS reprograms existing cells into pluripotent stem cells without the need for an egg. Signup and view all the answers

What are the applications of Cellular Reprogramming Technologies?

Disease modeling, drug development, regenerative medicine, and understanding developmental processes. Signup and view all the answers

What factors are used for iPS and what is their target in somatic cells?

Transcription factors like Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc are used. They target and modify gene expression in the nucleus of somatic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical controversy surrounding Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) and Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) technologies?

SCNT involves the destruction of embryos and has raised ethical concerns, while iPS technologies are generally considered ethically less controversial as they avoid embryo destruction. Signup and view all the answers

How are recombinant proteins made?

Recombinant proteins are produced by introducing a gene encoding the protein into a host organism such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using recombinant proteins?

Large-scale production, precision in protein design, and potential for therapeutic applications. Signup and view all the answers

How are transgenic animals created using somatic nuclear transfer?

The nucleus from a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated egg to create a cloned organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of restriction enzymes in their natural state?

Protecting bacteria from viral infections by cutting foreign DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the inventor of the dideoxy method of DNA sequencing?

Frederick Sanger Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible disadvantages of producing compounds using biotechnology in eukaryotic hosts?

Need for post-translational processing and low success rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ethical restraints on biotechnology addressed in the text?

National and international laws governing biotechnology. Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory body may be involved in overseeing biotechnology in certain countries?

Agencies like the FDA, EPA, and others. Signup and view all the answers

What are pronuclear gene injection and somatic nuclear transfer methods used for in biotechnology?

Creating cloned organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gene knock out animals?

Disrupting or eliminating specific genes for studying gene function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of restriction enzymes?

Originally derived from bacteria as part of their defense against viral DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used in modern DNA sequencers for high-throughput and rapid sequencing?

DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers