30 Questions
Which of the following causes alkalosis by depleting H+?
Excessive vomiting
Which acid-base regulatory system reacts rapidly to changes in pH?
Respiration
Which of the following is not a cause of alkalosis?
Excessive consumption of acidic foods
Which of the following is a chemical buffer system?
All of the above
Which of the following causes alkalosis by driving equilibrium to the left?
Hyperventilation
Which of the following is not an acid-base regulatory system?
Excessive consumption of alkaline foods
What is the typical mammalian physiological pH range?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the renal mechanism for acid-base balance?
Increasing H+ excretion
What is the primary chemical buffer system in the blood?
Bicarbonate
What condition results in excess acid formation due to ingestion of large quantities of drugs?
Acidosis
What is the pH range of urine in mammals?
4.5 - 8.5
What is the primary cause of a drop in pH during digestion in the stomach?
Stomach acids
Which buffer system is the most plentiful and powerful in the human body?
Protein buffer system
Which buffer system has a concentration that is higher intracellularly and in urine?
Phosphate buffer system
What happens when a strong acid is added to a bicarbonate buffer system?
The pH of the solution decreases only slightly
What happens when a strong base is added to a bicarbonate buffer system?
The pH of the solution increases only slightly
Which component of the protein buffer system generally gives up H+?
Carboxyl group
What happens when plasma [H+] increases?
Rapid, deep breathing expels more CO2, reducing H+ levels
What mechanism causes an increase in H+ levels during slower, more shallow breathing?
Decreased elimination of CO2 by the lungs
Which of the following conditions can lead to respiratory acidosis?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What happens to the pH during respiratory alkalosis?
It increases due to decreased H+ levels
How do the kidneys contribute to the correction of alkalosis?
By excreting excess HCO3-
What percentage of HCO3- reabsorption is contributed by the proximal tubule?
80%
Which of the following processes occurs at the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule?
Coupling of HCO3- to the movement of ions
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule?
It catalyzes the dehydration of H2CO3, facilitating the reabsorption of HCO3-
What type of cells are responsible for finely regulating acid-base balance in the distal tubule?
Intercalated cells
What is the role of type A intercalated cells during acidosis?
They secrete H+ and conserve HCO3-
What is the role of type B intercalated cells during alkalosis?
They secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+
What happens during prolonged acidosis in the kidney?
H+ secretion is coupled with the addition of 'new' HCO3- to the plasma
What is the role of the rate of tubular H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption in the kidney?
It controls the pH of the blood
Explore the concept of acid-base balance in animal physiology, covering topics such as physiological pH, homeostatic mechanisms, chemical buffer systems, respiratory and renal mechanisms. Recommended readings from Sherwood et al. pages 636-653.
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