Animal Form and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that determines an animal's body plan?

  • Pattern of development programmed by the genome (correct)
  • Environmental pressures
  • Physical laws that govern strength and movement
  • Conscious invention

    • What property of water significantly affects the shape of fast swimming animals?

  • Its ability to diffuse oxygen
  • Its high density (correct)
  • Its low viscosity
  • Its high temperature

    • What is the term for the shape of animals that are tapered on both ends?

  • Cylindrical
  • Fusiform (correct)
  • Conical
  • Spherical

    • Which of the following is an example of a physical law that constrains evolution?

    <p>Drag caused by water's viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of millions of years of evolution?

    <p>The creation of a body plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of fast swimming animals?

    <p>They all have a streamlined shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why larger animals require thicker skeletons?

    <p>To maintain adequate support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated running speed of the Tyrannosaurus rex?

    <p>30 km/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means of exchange between an animal and its environment?

    <p>Diffusion across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation imposed on animal body plans due to physical laws?

    <p>Maximum size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that limits mobility in larger animals?

    <p>Muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of convergent evolution mentioned in the text?

    <p>Streamlined shapes in swimming animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why multicellular organisms require a suitable aqueous environment?

    <p>To facilitate exchange of materials with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the body plan of a pond-dwelling hydra?

    <p>It has a body wall only two cell layers thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a flat body shape in certain animals?

    <p>It increases the surface area for exchange with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary for every cell in a multicellular organism to have access to a suitable aqueous environment?

    <p>To facilitate exchange of materials with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the body plan of a parasitic tapeworm?

    <p>It has an elongated flat body shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the rate of exchange in a cell?

    <p>The surface area of the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces in animals?

    <p>To enable sufficient exchange with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the number of cells in a multicellular organism?

    <p>It decreases the ratio of outer surface area to total volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of internal body fluids in animals?

    <p>To link exchange surfaces to body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do larger animals require more extensive exchange surfaces?

    <p>Because they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of branched or folded exchange surfaces?

    <p>They increase the surface area for exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the body plan of a flat, thin shape in certain animals?

    <p>It places most cells in direct contact with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interstitial fluid in complex body plans?

    <p>To facilitate exchange of nutrients and wastes between cells and the circulatory fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of having an external skeleton in complex body plans?

    <p>To protect against predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational level above organs in complex body plans?

    <p>Organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of specialized filtration systems in complex body plans?

    <p>To adjust the composition of internal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are complex body plans advantageous for animals living on land?

    <p>Because it enables the maintenance of a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational level below organs in complex body plans?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of having specialized cell types in the stomach lining?

    <p>Production of digestive juices and mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic shared by all four main types of animal tissues?

    <p>Similar structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizational level below organs in complex body plans?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pancreas an example of in terms of organ systems?

    <p>A single organ with multiple functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the stomach in the digestive system?

    <p>Initiation of protein breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the specialized organs in animal bodies?

    <p>They have specific roles in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for body defense?

    <p>Immune and lymphatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the excretory system?

    <p>Disposal of metabolic wastes and regulation of osmotic balance of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Body support, protection of internal organs, and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for internal distribution of materials?

    <p>Circulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Coordination of body activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

    <p>Internal distribution of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the coordination of body activities such as digestion and metabolism?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the uptake of oxygen and disposal of carbon dioxide?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Body support, protection of internal organs, movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the production of gametes and promotion of fertilization?

    <p>Reproductive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Evolution of Animal Size and Shape

    • Animal body plans have arisen through evolution, with physical laws (e.g., strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange) constraining the possible forms
    • Fast swimmers (e.g., tuna, sharks, penguins, dolphins, seals) have evolved streamlined, fusiform shapes to reduce drag
    • Physical laws also influence animal body plans with regard to maximum size, as larger bodies require thicker skeletons and more massive muscles for locomotion

    Exchange with the Environment

    • Animals must exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with their environment, which imposes limitations on body plans
    • Exchange occurs through the plasma membrane of each cell, with the rate of exchange proportional to the membrane surface area involved
    • Multicellular organisms require a suitable aqueous environment, either internally or externally, to enable exchange

    Body Plans and Internal Organization

    • Cells form a working animal body through emergent properties, which arise from successive levels of structural and functional organization
    • Cells are organized into tissues, which are grouped into organs that work together to form organ systems
    • Organ systems include specialized organs made up of specialized tissues and cells, with examples including the digestive system, circulatory system, and nervous system

    Types of Animal Tissues

    • There are four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
    • Epithelial tissues protect the body, absorb and transport substances, and detect sensations
    • Connective tissues provide support, connect, and transport materials, and include bone, cartilage, and fat
    • Muscle tissues contract to produce movement, and include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
    • Nervous tissues detect, integrate, and respond to stimuli, and include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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    Description

    Learn about the correlation between animal form and function at different levels of organization. Understand how size and shape affect animal-environment interactions and how body plans are shaped by evolution.

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