Biology Chapter: Digestive Enzymes and Animal Behavior

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Plant cells have rigid walls made of cellulose, providing structure and support for vertical growth.

Animal cells lack rigid walls and have flexible membranes, allowing for mobility and a variety of external features.

Plants are generally rooted in place and have adaptations to their immediate environment.

Animals are capable of movement, often equipped with specialized features like limbs, fins, or wings for seeking food, mates, or escaping predators.

Plants store food in the form of starch.

Animals store food in the form of glycogen.

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during respiration.

Animals travel long distances in search of food, breeding grounds, or better weather conditions.

Movement between different environments based on seasonal changes.

Animals move to higher elevations in summer and lower in winter.

Animals move up towards the surface at night and down to deeper waters during the day.

Strategies animals use to efficiently obtain food in their environment.

Techniques evolved to avoid becoming prey.

Maintaining optimal body temperature.

Communication and social interactions that shape animal societies.

A digestive system with only one stomach chamber, like in humans.

The process of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, primarily done by the teeth.

A fluid produced in the mouth containing enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of food.

A digestive enzyme found in pancreatic juice that breaks down starch and glycogen into the disaccharide maltose.

A long tube connecting the mouth and stomach, responsible for propelling food towards the stomach by rhythmic muscle contractions.

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract.

In the small intestine, these enzymes break down disaccharides (like lactose and sucrose) into monosaccharides (like glucose, galactose, and fructose).

The stomach's pH level, ranging from 1.5 to 2.5, creating a highly acidic environment.

The process of breaking down carbohydrates into smaller units, primarily monosaccharides, that can be absorbed by the body.

Digestive juices produced by the stomach, containing enzymes to break down food.

A type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products, broken down by lactase.

Also known as table sugar, this disaccharide is broken down into glucose and fructose by sucrase.

The final stage of digestion, where enzymes from the pancreas, small intestine, and liver complete the breakdown of food.

The large intestine is a part of the digestive system responsible for breaking down waste materials and reabsorbing water from undigested food. It is wider than the small intestine but shorter in length.

The colon is the main section of the large intestine. It consists of four parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

The cecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine where waste enters from the small intestine.

The rectum is the final section of the large intestine where waste is stored until it is expelled.

The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive system through which waste is expelled.

The liver is a vital organ responsible for various functions including detoxification of blood, digestion of fats, and production of plasma proteins.

The pancreas is a gland that secretes digestive juices containing bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach.

Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown of fats in the duodenum.

Enzymes produced by the pancreas that break down carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine.

A small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

A mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach into the small intestine.

The organic molecules that are the building blocks for DNA, RNA, and other important molecules.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many glucose units, stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

A type of polysaccharide that humans cannot digest. It adds bulk to our diet and helps with digestion.

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb.