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Questions and Answers
Of the following properties, which has the GREATEST effect on why air composition is nearly uniform around the world?
Of the following properties, which has the GREATEST effect on why air composition is nearly uniform around the world?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why dissolved oxygen content is higher in surface waters compared to deeper ocean depths?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why dissolved oxygen content is higher in surface waters compared to deeper ocean depths?
What is the likely cause of the cyclical pattern in dissolved oxygen (O2) levels in the Amazon River throughout the day ?
What is the likely cause of the cyclical pattern in dissolved oxygen (O2) levels in the Amazon River throughout the day ?
Based on the information provided, which environmental parameter can display semi-diurnal variation?
Based on the information provided, which environmental parameter can display semi-diurnal variation?
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What is the primary difference in oxygen levels between freshwater and saltwater environments?
What is the primary difference in oxygen levels between freshwater and saltwater environments?
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What type of environmental factor would be considered a 'microhabitat' as mentioned in the text?
What type of environmental factor would be considered a 'microhabitat' as mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between air density and viscosity?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between air density and viscosity?
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The text indicates that the air composition is nearly uniform around the world. What is the primary reason for this uniformity?
The text indicates that the air composition is nearly uniform around the world. What is the primary reason for this uniformity?
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What primarily influences and constrains the evolution of physiology in animals?
What primarily influences and constrains the evolution of physiology in animals?
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Which of the following is a significant selective pressure on animal physiology?
Which of the following is a significant selective pressure on animal physiology?
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Which physiological aspect is directly related to thermodynamics?
Which physiological aspect is directly related to thermodynamics?
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What is a characteristic feature of the second law of thermodynamics in relation to animal physiology?
What is a characteristic feature of the second law of thermodynamics in relation to animal physiology?
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In which medium is it suggested that vertebrates likely first evolved?
In which medium is it suggested that vertebrates likely first evolved?
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What factor contributes to the difficulty in understanding how tuna seem to defy thermodynamic laws?
What factor contributes to the difficulty in understanding how tuna seem to defy thermodynamic laws?
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What does the study of animal physiology primarily examine?
What does the study of animal physiology primarily examine?
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What are the three major media in which animals live, according to evolutionary history?
What are the three major media in which animals live, according to evolutionary history?
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Study Notes
Lecture 2: January 8th
- Evolution of Animal Physiology is influenced by:
- Constraints
- Evolutionary history
- Environmental pressures and diversity
- Physiological regulation patterns and time scales
- Reading material is available in the specified pages (172-173, back inside cover, 20-25, 612-613, 602-604, 12-19, Boxes 1.1 (15), 10.3 (268)).
Evolution of Physiology
- Influenced and constrained by:
- Chemistry and Physics (especially thermodynamics, energy availability & efficiency of use)
- Evolutionary history
- Selective pressures (especially environmental)
Physiology & Thermodynamics
- Water content and internal temperature in relation to external temperature.
- Osmolarity and the second law of thermodynamics in relation to animal temperature and osmotic pressure.
- Tuna physiology and biochemistry in relation to thermodynamic laws and use of chemical energy.
Origins of Animal Life
- Detailed phylogenetic tree demonstrating the evolutionary timeline of life, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plants, fungi, and animals.
- Shows significant milestones in the evolution of life on Earth, including the origin of life, origin of eukaryotes, the origin of atmospheric oxygen, and the occurrence of various plant and animal fossils
Major Environments of Animals
- The three main environments where many animals live.
Water-Air Transition
- Visual diagram demonstrating the water-air transition of animals using a geological time scale showing the evolution of various animal types.
- Visual timeline highlighting significant evolutionary events related to vertebrates transitioning from water to air during various periods.
Water-to-Air Transition: Vertebrates
- Detailed diagram showing the evolution of vertebrate classes, showcasing branching patterns from ancient species to modern forms.
- Includes various groups like Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals; a visual timeline of vertebrate diversification across significant geologic time periods.
Environments Change Over Time
- Graph illustrating changes in oxygen levels over millions of years.
- Graph representing oxygen concentration in the Amazon River throughout a 24-hour period.
Temporal Diversity
- Differences between organisms and environments with respect to time scales:
- Daily, Seasonal/Annual
- Semi-diurnal, Lunar month
Environments Differ in Space: O2 in Marine Envs.
- Diagram illustrating oxygen concentration variations in marine environments across depth.
- High oxygen concentrations near the surface, decreasing with depth; factors that cause this, including water mixing near the surface, photosynthesis in the photic zone (lots of light), and microbial degradation as detritus sinks.
O₂ in Fresh Water
- Oxygen in fresh water is similar to the ocean, but more severe.
- Differences between fresh and saltwater.
- Table displaying oxygen concentrations in fresh water at different temperatures.
O2 in Terrestrial Environments
- Constant but diffusion depends on absolute concentration gradient.
- Dalton's law: calculating partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere, which alters with altitude.
Physiological Patterns: The Theory
- Describing patterns of various systems relating to organisms and their surrounding environments.
Physiological Regulation: Time Frames
- Acute: relates to rapid environmental changes in seconds to hours.
- Chronic: concerns phenotypic plasticity, significant changes in physiological functions related to life stages.
- Adaptations: relates to changes in gene frequencies leading to adaptations and speciation.
Other Time Frames
- Physiological changes not necessarily related to environmental changes.
- Developmental changes (e.g., larva vs. adult).
- Changes controlled by endogenous biological clocks.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the concepts discussed in Lecture 2, emphasizing the evolution of animal physiology and its influences such as environmental pressures and thermodynamics. It also explores physiological regulation patterns and the historical context of evolution. Prepare to delve into the physiological adaptations and constraints faced by animals over time.
