Animal Feed Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the dry matter content of feed that is classified as air dry?

Approximately 70%

Approximately 90% (correct)

Approximately 50%

Approximately 100%

Which of the following terms refers to the nitrogen-containing compounds that serve as building blocks for proteins?

Antimicrobials

Amino acids (correct)

Antioxidants

Animal protein

What does apparent metabolisable energy (AME) measure?

Energy lost in feces and urine

Total energy retained in the body

Gross energy minus energy in excreta (correct)

Total energy consumed by an animal

What is the role of an antioxidant in animal nutrition?

Prevents oxidative rancidity Signup and view all the answers

What is a balanced ration in animal nutrition?

Maintains proper nutrient proportions Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient can be described as 'available'?

A nutrient that can be absorbed and used Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily gain (ADG) of an animal?

Average daily weight increase Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'As-Fed' refer to in animal nutrition?

Feed as it is given to animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the sweetened carbohydrate known as fruit sugar?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is produced when lactose is hydrolyzed?

Glucose and Galactose Signup and view all the answers

What type of sugar is sucrose classified as?

Disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is primarily composed of glucose units linked together?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is found primarily in milk?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of maltose?

Maltase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of starch?

Amylose and Amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to raffinose in the human gut?

It is fermented by bacterial enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased lignification on cellulose digestion?

Cellulose digestion decreases Signup and view all the answers

How many standard amino acids are commonly found in proteins?

20 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in proteins?

Fluorine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for classifying some amino acids as essential?

They cannot be synthesized at all Signup and view all the answers

At a pH of approximately 7.4, what happens to the amino and carboxylic acid groups of amino acids?

The amino groups are protonated while carboxyl groups are deprotonated Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes proteins from carbohydrates and fats?

The presence of nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of an α-amino acid?

A carbon atom bonded to an amine, carboxyl, and R group Signup and view all the answers

What classification applies to amino acids that can be synthesized but not in sufficient amounts?

Semi-essential amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What primarily reaches the upper small intestine after digestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acids are primarily destroyed by biohydrogenation in ruminants?

Essential fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What replaces monoglyceride as the emulsifying agent in ruminants?

Lysolecithin Signup and view all the answers

Where do the majority of lipids enter the ruminant digestive system?

As free fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

How do rumen microorganisms contribute to fatty acid synthesis?

By synthesizing odd-chain fatty acids from propionate Signup and view all the answers

Why is the absorbability of carotene poor in ruminants?

Defective micellar solubilization Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of fatty acids present in the small intestine of ruminants?

They are in the form of a thin layer on feed particles. Signup and view all the answers

Which route is utilized for the resynthesis of triglycerides in ruminant mucosal cells?

Glycerophosphate pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of arachidonic acid in the body?

Biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes Signup and view all the answers

Which essential fatty acid is specifically required for chickens?

Linoleic acid Signup and view all the answers

What describes the characteristic structure of polyunsaturated fatty acids mentioned?

Two double bonds separated by a methylene group Signup and view all the answers

What happens to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma?

They arise from lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in lipid digestion?

Formation of chylomicrons Signup and view all the answers

Why is excessive consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids considered undesirable?

They are more susceptible to oxidation Signup and view all the answers

How do monogastric animals digest fats differently from non-ruminants?

They lack saliva enzymes that can digest fats Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of lipolysis in the process of fat digestion?

Hydrolysis of lipids into free fatty acids and glycerol Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Air Drying and Feed

Air drying involves natural air movement to reduce moisture, yielding approximately 90% dry matter content.
Majority of animal feeds are prepared and fed in an air-dried state.

Amino Acids

Amino acids are nitrogen-containing compounds and serve as the building blocks of proteins.
Each amino acid consists of an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH).

Animal Nutrition

Animal nutrition is the study of the nourishment processes in animals.

Types of Animal Protein

Animal protein is sourced from meat, dairy, poultry, eggs, fish, and marine products.
The Animal Protein Factor (APF) historically referred to a vital growth factor now recognized as vitamin B12.

Metabolite Concepts

Antimetabolites resemble essential metabolites and can interfere with their function.
Antioxidants protect against oxidative rancidity in fats.

Energy Measurement

Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) reflects energy consumed minus energy lost in feces and urine.
For poultry, AME calculation excludes negligible gaseous energy losses.

Feeding Terms

Appetite indicates the desire to eat; its loss is linked with stress or illness.
As-Fed describes feed given to animals in its original state, which can vary from 0% to 100% dry matter.
Ash represents the mineral residue left after complete incineration of organic material.

Nutritional Values and Properties

Available nutrients are those that can be digested, absorbed, and utilized by the body.
Average Daily Gain (ADG) measures the daily weight increase of animals.
A balanced ration contains the proper ratio of essential nutrients.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, with specific types including pentoses (like ribose) and hexoses (like glucose, fructose, galactose).
Glucose is a common simple sugar, while fructose is sweeter and primarily found in fruits.

Oligosaccharides and Their Types

Oligosaccharides yield 2-10 monosaccharides; disaccharides, like sucrose, maltose, and lactose, release two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides can be homoglycans or heteroglycans; starch comprises amylose and amylopectin and serves as a plant energy reserve.
Factors affecting carbohydrate digestion include lignin content, rumination, and microbial activity in the rumen.

Protein Composition

Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; they may also have sulfur and phosphorus.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids, with around 200 natural amino acids recognized, 20 of which are common in proteins.

Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body at necessary rates for growth.
The structure of amino acids includes a primary amino group and a carboxylic acid group. Proline is a notable exception due to its secondary amino group.

Fatty Acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid are vital for cellular functions and hormone synthesis.
Essential fatty acids are critical for certain livestock but deficiencies are uncommon in practical diets.

Fat Digestion

Lipid digestion differs from carbohydrates and proteins; it involves lipolysis, micellar solubilization, and absorption processes.
Ruminants show unique fat digestion mechanisms, relying on rumen microorganisms for certain fat metabolism and having a distinct absorption technique.

Importance of Water

Water is essential for life and sustains all biological functions. Proper hydration is vital for animal health.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to animal feed, focusing on air-dry methods and the significance of amino acids in nutrition. It provides insights into the composition and processing of feed, which are crucial for understanding animal husbandry practices.