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Questions and Answers
What are the four essential stages in early animal development?
What are the four essential stages in early animal development?
- Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and mitosis
- Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and meiosis
- Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and oogenesis (correct)
- Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation
What is the process called when a single haploid sperm fuses with a single haploid egg to form a zygote?
What is the process called when a single haploid sperm fuses with a single haploid egg to form a zygote?
Fertilization
The egg is typically smaller than the sperm cell.
The egg is typically smaller than the sperm cell.
False (B)
What is the jelly layer made up of glycoprotein that releases species-specific chemoattractants, guiding the sperm to the egg?
What is the jelly layer made up of glycoprotein that releases species-specific chemoattractants, guiding the sperm to the egg?
The sperm cell is one of the largest cells produced by most animal species.
The sperm cell is one of the largest cells produced by most animal species.
What structure in the sperm cell contains tightly packed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
What structure in the sperm cell contains tightly packed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
What is the name of the organelle in the sperm cell that degrades the zona pellucida of an egg to allow the sperm to reach the plasma membrane?
What is the name of the organelle in the sperm cell that degrades the zona pellucida of an egg to allow the sperm to reach the plasma membrane?
Polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with a single egg, is genetically compatible and beneficial for embryonic development.
Polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with a single egg, is genetically compatible and beneficial for embryonic development.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that prevents polyspermy?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that prevents polyspermy?
What initiates the fast block, which prevents additional sperm from fusing with the egg plasma membrane?
What initiates the fast block, which prevents additional sperm from fusing with the egg plasma membrane?
What triggers the cortical reaction, which creates the fertilization envelope?
What triggers the cortical reaction, which creates the fertilization envelope?
The fertilization envelope prevents further sperm from entering the egg, but it also allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the egg and the environment.
The fertilization envelope prevents further sperm from entering the egg, but it also allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the egg and the environment.
What is the process called in which the egg begins to divide after fertilization?
What is the process called in which the egg begins to divide after fertilization?
What are the smaller and smaller cells called that result from cleavage?
What are the smaller and smaller cells called that result from cleavage?
What is the hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage called?
What is the hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage called?
The blastoderm, the first embryonic tissue, surrounds the blastocoel, which is a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity.
The blastoderm, the first embryonic tissue, surrounds the blastocoel, which is a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity.
The blastocyst, the mammalian blastula, has an inner cell mass and an outer cell layer called the trophoblast.
The blastocyst, the mammalian blastula, has an inner cell mass and an outer cell layer called the trophoblast.
What are the two main factors that influence cell specialization?
What are the two main factors that influence cell specialization?
Intrinsic factors in cell specialization are influenced by the cell's hereditary information and the environment surrounding the cell.
Intrinsic factors in cell specialization are influenced by the cell's hereditary information and the environment surrounding the cell.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main body axes established during animal development?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main body axes established during animal development?
The way body axes are established is the same across all animal lineages.
The way body axes are established is the same across all animal lineages.
In vertebrates with large amounts of asymmetrically distributed yolk, body axes are established through:
In vertebrates with large amounts of asymmetrically distributed yolk, body axes are established through:
What is the primary way body axes are established in many mammals?
What is the primary way body axes are established in many mammals?
Flashcards
Sperm attraction
Sperm attraction
Sperm are drawn to and make contact with the zona pellucida, the outer layer of the egg.
Acrosome reaction
Acrosome reaction
The release of enzymes that digest the zona pellucida to allow sperm entry.
Sperm-egg fusion
Sperm-egg fusion
The process where sperm and egg membranes join together.
Species-specific fusion
Species-specific fusion
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Fast block
Fast block
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Calcium release
Calcium release
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Cortical reaction
Cortical reaction
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Slow block
Slow block
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Egg activation
Egg activation
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Zona pellucida
Zona pellucida
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Cleavage
Cleavage
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Blastula stage
Blastula stage
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Body axes determination
Body axes determination
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Study Notes
Animal Development: Fertilization and Cleavage
- Fertilization involves a haploid sperm fusing with a haploid egg to form a zygote.
- The egg is significantly larger than the sperm, containing yolk for embryonic growth.
- Eggs have a jelly layer (zona pellucida in mammals) that guides sperm and prevents polyspermy (multiple sperm fertilizing an egg).
- Sperm have an acrosome that degrades the zona pellucida to allow entry.
- Polyspermy is prevented by a fast block (initial electrical depolarization) and a slow block (cortical granules hardening the zona pellucida).
Cleavage and Blastula Stage
- Cleavage is rapid cell division without growth, forming smaller cells (blastomeres).
- Cleavage results in a blastula, a ball of blastomeres surrounding a fluid-filled blastocoel.
- The blastula is the first embryonic tissue layer and precedes gastrulation.
- Mammalian blastulas are called blastocysts, having an inner cell mass and an outer trophoblast layer.
- Blastocysts develop into the embryo and placenta.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Cell Specialization
- Intrinsic factors (i.e., lineage) are inherited from the mother cell, influencing cell fate via cytoplasmic molecules.
- Extrinsic factors (positional) arise from the surrounding environment or neighboring cells. Chemical signals influence a cell's fate.
- Body axes (anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, left/right) are established during development.
- Factors influencing body axis development vary among animal groups (e.g., cytoplasmic determinants, yolk distribution, induction, cell communication).
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of fertilization and cleavage in animal development. This quiz covers key concepts including sperm-egg interaction, prevention of polyspermy, and the formation of the blastula. Test your understanding of these essential stages in embryonic development.
