Biology 2E - Chapter 43 Animal Development
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Questions and Answers

What type of cleavage occurs in organisms with small amounts of evenly-distributed yolk?

  • Telolecithal and meroblastic
  • Equal and holoblastic (correct)
  • Holoblastic and mesolecithal
  • Unequal and holoblastic

    • What characterizes the cleavage in amphibians?

  • Holoblastic but unequal (correct)
  • Holoblastic and equal
  • Meroblastic and unequal
  • Telolecithal and equal

    • In reptiles and birds, where is the cytoplasm primarily located?

  • Throughout the entire egg
  • Only at the vegetal pole
  • Restricted to the germinal disc at the animal pole (correct)
  • Evenly distributed between poles

    • What type of yolk distribution is found in telolecithal eggs?

    <p>Large amounts at the vegetal pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about holoblastic cleavage is accurate?

    <p>Cells are completely separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the yolk condition of mesolecithal eggs found in amphibians?

    <p>Intermediate yolk amount with unequal cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unequal cleavage' refer to?

    <p>Cells being completely separated but varying in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cleavage is associated with large, telolecithal eggs found in reptiles and birds?

    <p>Meroblastic and unequal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm cells?

    <p>Contains enzymes to penetrate the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process restores the diploid chromosome number in fertilization?

    <p>Fusion of sperm and egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cleavage play in early embryonic development?

    <p>It involves cell division without growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the sex of the offspring during fertilization?

    <p>The genetic information on sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of sperm provides energy for movement?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of egg membrane recognition proteins?

    <p>They ensure sperm recognize eggs from the same species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of animal development does the process of gastrulation occur?

    <p>After fertilization and cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?

    <p>It may result in less genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of neurulation in embryonic development?

    <p>To create the neural tube that becomes the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between cleavage and gastrulation in animal development?

    <p>Cleavage precedes gastrulation and prepares the embryo for further development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the extraembryonic membranes in amniote vertebrates?

    <p>To protect the embryo and facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'neurula' refer to in embryonic development?

    <p>An embryo in the stage of neurulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for the organization of differentiated cells into a multicellular structure?

    <p>Morphogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of embryonic development follows the cleavage stage?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT considered extraembryonic?

    <p>Neural tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pattern formation is a crucial aspect of which process during development?

    <p>Morphogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does cell division occur in yolk-containing eggs?

    <p>In the germinal disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cleavage occurs in reptiles and birds?

    <p>Meroblastic and unequal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In amphibians, which pole creates obstacles for inward movement during gastrulation?

    <p>Vegetal pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when cells from the animal pole migrate inward during amphibian gastrulation?

    <p>Mesoderm and endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do cells of the epiblast undergo in birds during gastrulation?

    <p>Migration to the primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent structure of the blastopore in birds?

    <p>Primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the development in birds?

    <p>It is limited to the germinal disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of cell movement during avian gastrulation?

    <p>Cells move inward to form two layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ectoderm layer develop into?

    <p>Nervous system and sense organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is derived from the mesoderm?

    <p>Skeleton and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of extraembryonic membranes in amniotes?

    <p>Keep the embryo moist on dry land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT derived from the endoderm layer?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the placenta serve in mammals?

    <p>Facilitate transfer of substances between embryo and mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the skeletal development?

    <p>Skeleton and inner skin layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is part of the inner lining developed from the endoderm?

    <p>Digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chorion in extraembryonic membranes?

    <p>It acts as a major organ of gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the amniote egg?

    <p>It provides moisture and support for the embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?

    <p>Amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of organisms does the allantois primarily store nitrogenous wastes?

    <p>Reptiles and birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the yolk sac perform during embryonic development?

    <p>It nourishes the embryo by digesting the yolk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the allantois contribute to the development of mammals?

    <p>Its blood vessels contribute to umbilical vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main uses of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extraembryonic membrane directly facilitates gas exchange for the embryo?

    <p>Chorion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do the structures of extraembryonic membranes form?

    <p>Organogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology 2E - Chapter 43 Animal Development

    • This chapter covers sections 43.1, 43.2, 43.6, and 43.7 of the textbook.
    • Sections 43.3 through 43.5 are not included in this course.
    • Some material from sections 27.1 and 29.4 is also included.
    • Learning objectives may be modified from the textbook.

    43.1 Reproduction Methods and Development

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
      • Discuss sexual and asexual reproduction methods.
      • Explain the general process of development in animals.

    43.2 and 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe sperm morphology.
      • Discuss how fertilization occurs.
      • Discuss the role of cleavage and gastrulation in animal development.
    • Also see textbook section 27.1

    43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Embryos

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the processes of neurulation and organogenesis.
      • Describe the structure and function of the extraembryonic membranes of amniote vertebrates (see section 29.4 in textbook).

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Some animals reproduce asexually, occasionally switching to sexual reproduction.
    • Asexual reproduction creates genetically identical offspring.
    • This method is beneficial in stable, uniform environments.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Eggs from one parent fertilize with sperm from another.
    • Offspring are genetically variable.
    • This method is advantageous in variable environments.
    • Fertilization can be external (e.g., fish, frogs) or internal (e.g., salamanders, reptiles, birds, mammals).
    • Gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced in specialized organs called gonads:
      • Testes produce sperm.
      • Ovaries produce eggs.
    • Most animals are dioecious (separate sexes).
    • Some animals are monoecious (hermaphroditic) and have both male and female sex organs.
    • Most monoecious animals practice cross-fertilization.

    Development

    • Development encompasses all genetically controlled changes in an organism from fertilization to death.
    • Sexually reproducing animals start as a fertilized egg (zygote).
    • Tissues and organs develop from the zygote based on the genetic information in the zygote's DNA.
    • Cell determination begins when specific genes are activated or deactivated, gradually committing cells to a particular pathway.
    • Cell differentiation arises from cell determination, as gene regulation progressively refines cells into specific biochemical and structural forms.
    • Organisms of different species exhibit diverse morphologies and physiologies due to programmed differences in their development.
    • The zygote's DNA contains all the genetic information for cell differentiation during development.
    • Somatic cells retain this genetic information, and differentiate because they express different genes at different times.

    Cleavage

    • During cleavage, the zygote rapidly divides by mitosis without increasing in volume.
    • In echinoderms (like starfish and sea urchins), this results in a solid sphere of cells called a morula.
    • The morula's cells rearrange to form a hollow blastula with a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel.

    Gastrulation

    • The blastula undergoes gastrulation to form a gastrula.
    • The blastopore in the gastrula becomes the first opening to the digestive tract (anus in vertebrates, mouth in invertebrates)

    Gastrulation in Echinoderms

    • Gastrulation marks the beginning of the digestive tract (primitive gut or archenteron).
    • The establishment of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
    • These germ layers will develop into specific tissues and organs in the adult.

    Germ Layers

    • The ectoderm (external) forms skin, sense organs, and the nervous system.
    • The mesoderm (middle) contributes to the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive system.
    • The endoderm (internal) forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and some glands.

    Extraembryonic Membranes

    • Amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) develop an amniotic egg that protects the embryo in dry environments.
    • In mammals, extraembryonic membranes modify to form the placenta.
    • The placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and the developing embryo.

    Neurulation

    • The ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
    • An embryo at this stage is a neurula.

    Pattern Formation and Morphogenesis

    • Morphogenesis describes the development of shape and form in organisms through pattern formation.
    • Pattern formation involves progressively organizing differentiated cells into specific cell types, tissues, and organs.

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    Biology 2e Chapter 43 Animal Development PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers crucial concepts in animal development as outlined in Biology 2E, focusing on reproduction methods, fertilization, early embryonic development, and organogenesis. It integrates key topics from sections 43.1, 43.2, 43.6, and 43.7, providing an overview of the entire development process in animals.

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