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Questions and Answers
What type of cleavage occurs in organisms with small amounts of evenly-distributed yolk?
What type of cleavage occurs in organisms with small amounts of evenly-distributed yolk?
- Telolecithal and meroblastic
- Equal and holoblastic (correct)
- Holoblastic and mesolecithal
- Unequal and holoblastic
What characterizes the cleavage in amphibians?
What characterizes the cleavage in amphibians?
- Holoblastic but unequal (correct)
- Holoblastic and equal
- Meroblastic and unequal
- Telolecithal and equal
In reptiles and birds, where is the cytoplasm primarily located?
In reptiles and birds, where is the cytoplasm primarily located?
- Throughout the entire egg
- Only at the vegetal pole
- Restricted to the germinal disc at the animal pole (correct)
- Evenly distributed between poles
What type of yolk distribution is found in telolecithal eggs?
What type of yolk distribution is found in telolecithal eggs?
Which statement about holoblastic cleavage is accurate?
Which statement about holoblastic cleavage is accurate?
What is the yolk condition of mesolecithal eggs found in amphibians?
What is the yolk condition of mesolecithal eggs found in amphibians?
What does the term 'unequal cleavage' refer to?
What does the term 'unequal cleavage' refer to?
Which type of cleavage is associated with large, telolecithal eggs found in reptiles and birds?
Which type of cleavage is associated with large, telolecithal eggs found in reptiles and birds?
What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm cells?
What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm cells?
Which process restores the diploid chromosome number in fertilization?
Which process restores the diploid chromosome number in fertilization?
What role does cleavage play in early embryonic development?
What role does cleavage play in early embryonic development?
What determines the sex of the offspring during fertilization?
What determines the sex of the offspring during fertilization?
Which component of sperm provides energy for movement?
Which component of sperm provides energy for movement?
What is the significance of egg membrane recognition proteins?
What is the significance of egg membrane recognition proteins?
In which stage of animal development does the process of gastrulation occur?
In which stage of animal development does the process of gastrulation occur?
What is a notable disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?
What is a notable disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?
What is the primary purpose of neurulation in embryonic development?
What is the primary purpose of neurulation in embryonic development?
Which statement best describes the relationship between cleavage and gastrulation in animal development?
Which statement best describes the relationship between cleavage and gastrulation in animal development?
What is the main function of the extraembryonic membranes in amniote vertebrates?
What is the main function of the extraembryonic membranes in amniote vertebrates?
What does the term 'neurula' refer to in embryonic development?
What does the term 'neurula' refer to in embryonic development?
Which process is primarily responsible for the organization of differentiated cells into a multicellular structure?
Which process is primarily responsible for the organization of differentiated cells into a multicellular structure?
Which stage of embryonic development follows the cleavage stage?
Which stage of embryonic development follows the cleavage stage?
Which of the following structures is NOT considered extraembryonic?
Which of the following structures is NOT considered extraembryonic?
Pattern formation is a crucial aspect of which process during development?
Pattern formation is a crucial aspect of which process during development?
Where does cell division occur in yolk-containing eggs?
Where does cell division occur in yolk-containing eggs?
What type of cleavage occurs in reptiles and birds?
What type of cleavage occurs in reptiles and birds?
In amphibians, which pole creates obstacles for inward movement during gastrulation?
In amphibians, which pole creates obstacles for inward movement during gastrulation?
What is formed when cells from the animal pole migrate inward during amphibian gastrulation?
What is formed when cells from the animal pole migrate inward during amphibian gastrulation?
What process do cells of the epiblast undergo in birds during gastrulation?
What process do cells of the epiblast undergo in birds during gastrulation?
What is the equivalent structure of the blastopore in birds?
What is the equivalent structure of the blastopore in birds?
Which statement is true regarding the development in birds?
Which statement is true regarding the development in birds?
What is a significant feature of cell movement during avian gastrulation?
What is a significant feature of cell movement during avian gastrulation?
What does the ectoderm layer develop into?
What does the ectoderm layer develop into?
Which of the following structures is derived from the mesoderm?
Which of the following structures is derived from the mesoderm?
What is a role of extraembryonic membranes in amniotes?
What is a role of extraembryonic membranes in amniotes?
Which organ is NOT derived from the endoderm layer?
Which organ is NOT derived from the endoderm layer?
What function does the placenta serve in mammals?
What function does the placenta serve in mammals?
Which of the following is part of the skeletal development?
Which of the following is part of the skeletal development?
Which structure is part of the inner lining developed from the endoderm?
Which structure is part of the inner lining developed from the endoderm?
What is the primary function of the chorion in extraembryonic membranes?
What is the primary function of the chorion in extraembryonic membranes?
What is true about the amniote egg?
What is true about the amniote egg?
Which extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?
Which extraembryonic membrane secretes amniotic fluid?
In which type of organisms does the allantois primarily store nitrogenous wastes?
In which type of organisms does the allantois primarily store nitrogenous wastes?
What role does the yolk sac perform during embryonic development?
What role does the yolk sac perform during embryonic development?
How does the allantois contribute to the development of mammals?
How does the allantois contribute to the development of mammals?
What is one of the main uses of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
What is one of the main uses of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
Which extraembryonic membrane directly facilitates gas exchange for the embryo?
Which extraembryonic membrane directly facilitates gas exchange for the embryo?
During which process do the structures of extraembryonic membranes form?
During which process do the structures of extraembryonic membranes form?
Flashcards
Sperm Morphology
Sperm Morphology
The structure of a sperm cell, containing an acrosome (for egg penetration), nucleus (father's DNA), mitochondrion (energy), and tail (movement).
Acrosome
Acrosome
An organelle in a sperm that contains enzymes for penetrating the egg.
Fertilization
Fertilization
The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote; restores the diploid chromosome number, creates genetic variation, and often determines the sex.
Zygote
Zygote
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Sperm Tail
Sperm Tail
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Egg membrane recognition
Egg membrane recognition
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Diploid Chromosome number
Diploid Chromosome number
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Cleavage and Gastrulation
Cleavage and Gastrulation
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Cleavage in organisms with even yolk
Cleavage in organisms with even yolk
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Holoblastic cleavage
Holoblastic cleavage
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Cleavage in amphibians
Cleavage in amphibians
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Mesolecithal eggs
Mesolecithal eggs
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Animal pole
Animal pole
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Vegetal pole
Vegetal pole
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Cleavage in reptiles and birds
Cleavage in reptiles and birds
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Telolecithal eggs
Telolecithal eggs
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What is neurulation?
What is neurulation?
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What is pattern formation?
What is pattern formation?
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What is morphogenesis?
What is morphogenesis?
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What is an amniote?
What is an amniote?
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What is the amnion?
What is the amnion?
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What is the role of the extraembryonic membranes in amniotes?
What is the role of the extraembryonic membranes in amniotes?
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What is the yolk sac?
What is the yolk sac?
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What is the chorion?
What is the chorion?
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Germinal Disc
Germinal Disc
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Unequal Cleavage
Unequal Cleavage
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Gastrulation in Amphibians
Gastrulation in Amphibians
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Blastopore
Blastopore
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Primitive Streak
Primitive Streak
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Epiblast
Epiblast
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What is the role of the germinal disc in bird development?
What is the role of the germinal disc in bird development?
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm
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Mesoderm
Mesoderm
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Endoderm
Endoderm
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Amniote Egg
Amniote Egg
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Extraembryonic Membranes
Extraembryonic Membranes
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Placenta
Placenta
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What does the placenta do?
What does the placenta do?
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What kinds of animals are amniotes?
What kinds of animals are amniotes?
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Chorion
Chorion
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Amnion
Amnion
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Allantois
Allantois
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Yolk Sac
Yolk Sac
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What is the function of the amnion?
What is the function of the amnion?
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Why is the chorion important for gas exchange?
Why is the chorion important for gas exchange?
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What role does the allantois play in mammals?
What role does the allantois play in mammals?
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Study Notes
Biology 2E - Chapter 43 Animal Development
- This chapter covers sections 43.1, 43.2, 43.6, and 43.7 of the textbook.
- Sections 43.3 through 43.5 are not included in this course.
- Some material from sections 27.1 and 29.4 is also included.
- Learning objectives may be modified from the textbook.
43.1 Reproduction Methods and Development
- Learning Objectives:
- Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Discuss sexual and asexual reproduction methods.
- Explain the general process of development in animals.
43.2 and 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
- Learning Objectives:
- Describe sperm morphology.
- Discuss how fertilization occurs.
- Discuss the role of cleavage and gastrulation in animal development.
- Also see textbook section 27.1
43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Embryos
- Learning Objectives:
- Describe the processes of neurulation and organogenesis.
- Describe the structure and function of the extraembryonic membranes of amniote vertebrates (see section 29.4 in textbook).
Asexual Reproduction
- Some animals reproduce asexually, occasionally switching to sexual reproduction.
- Asexual reproduction creates genetically identical offspring.
- This method is beneficial in stable, uniform environments.
Sexual Reproduction
- Eggs from one parent fertilize with sperm from another.
- Offspring are genetically variable.
- This method is advantageous in variable environments.
- Fertilization can be external (e.g., fish, frogs) or internal (e.g., salamanders, reptiles, birds, mammals).
- Gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced in specialized organs called gonads:
- Testes produce sperm.
- Ovaries produce eggs.
- Most animals are dioecious (separate sexes).
- Some animals are monoecious (hermaphroditic) and have both male and female sex organs.
- Most monoecious animals practice cross-fertilization.
Development
- Development encompasses all genetically controlled changes in an organism from fertilization to death.
- Sexually reproducing animals start as a fertilized egg (zygote).
- Tissues and organs develop from the zygote based on the genetic information in the zygote's DNA.
- Cell determination begins when specific genes are activated or deactivated, gradually committing cells to a particular pathway.
- Cell differentiation arises from cell determination, as gene regulation progressively refines cells into specific biochemical and structural forms.
- Organisms of different species exhibit diverse morphologies and physiologies due to programmed differences in their development.
- The zygote's DNA contains all the genetic information for cell differentiation during development.
- Somatic cells retain this genetic information, and differentiate because they express different genes at different times.
Cleavage
- During cleavage, the zygote rapidly divides by mitosis without increasing in volume.
- In echinoderms (like starfish and sea urchins), this results in a solid sphere of cells called a morula.
- The morula's cells rearrange to form a hollow blastula with a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel.
Gastrulation
- The blastula undergoes gastrulation to form a gastrula.
- The blastopore in the gastrula becomes the first opening to the digestive tract (anus in vertebrates, mouth in invertebrates)
Gastrulation in Echinoderms
- Gastrulation marks the beginning of the digestive tract (primitive gut or archenteron).
- The establishment of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
- These germ layers will develop into specific tissues and organs in the adult.
Germ Layers
- The ectoderm (external) forms skin, sense organs, and the nervous system.
- The mesoderm (middle) contributes to the musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, and reproductive system.
- The endoderm (internal) forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and some glands.
Extraembryonic Membranes
- Amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) develop an amniotic egg that protects the embryo in dry environments.
- In mammals, extraembryonic membranes modify to form the placenta.
- The placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and the developing embryo.
Neurulation
- The ectoderm forms the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
- An embryo at this stage is a neurula.
Pattern Formation and Morphogenesis
- Morphogenesis describes the development of shape and form in organisms through pattern formation.
- Pattern formation involves progressively organizing differentiated cells into specific cell types, tissues, and organs.
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Description
This quiz covers crucial concepts in animal development as outlined in Biology 2E, focusing on reproduction methods, fertilization, early embryonic development, and organogenesis. It integrates key topics from sections 43.1, 43.2, 43.6, and 43.7, providing an overview of the entire development process in animals.
