Animal Development and Symmetry
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic applies to acoelomates?

  • Possession of three embryonic tissue layers.
  • No cavity enclosing the gut. (correct)
  • Cavity lining the outer side only.
  • Cavity lining both sides of the gut.

    • All animals with bilateral symmetry have a coelom.

    False

    What is the primary body symmetry of Phylum Cnidaria?

    Radial symmetry

    The first opening in the embryo of protostomes becomes the ______.

    <p>mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Ctenophora = Comb jellies with bilateral symmetry Porifera = Asymmetrical, sessile filter feeders Cnidaria = Radial symmetry, diploblastic Triploblastic = Three embryonic tissue layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is primarily responsible for choanoflagellates filtering bacteria?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choanoflagellates are motile organisms that show self-directed movement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Diploid stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a monophyletic group composed only of taxa that share common ancestors.

    <p>Clade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Asymmetric = No major axis of symmetry Radial symmetry = Body can be cut into identical pie segments Diploid = Organism with two sets of chromosomes Haploid = Organism with one set of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with choanoflagellates?

    <p>Presence of cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals have a cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do homeotic genes play in animal development?

    <p>They regulate the development of anatomical structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Ecdysozoans?

    <p>Growth through ecdysis of the cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All Lophotrochozoans possess a circulatory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the water vascular system found in Echinodermata?

    <p>Movement and feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the phylum Nematoda are classified as __________ because their body wall is lined with mesoderm, but their gut lacks a mesoderm envelope.

    <p>pseudocoelomates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phyla with their key characteristics:

    <p>Platyhelminthes = Acoelomates with no circulatory systems Mollusca = Body organized into foot, mantle, and viscera Annelida = Well-defined segments with metamerism Arthropoda = Jointed chitinous exoskeleton and segmented body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of body symmetry is exhibited by animals in the phylum Porifera?

    <p>Asymmetrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All triploblastic animals possess three embryonic tissue layers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of protostomes regarding the fate of the embryonic opening?

    <p>The first opening becomes the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cnidarians have __________ bodies, which allow them to capture prey effectively.

    <p>radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Acoelomate = No cavity enclosing the gut Pseudocoelomate = Cavity lined with mesoderm on the outer side only Coelomate = Gut suspended in a cavity lined with mesoderm on both sides Diploblastic = Two embryonic tissue layers, endoderm and ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Ecdysozoans?

    <p>Undergo ecdysis to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the phylum Platyhelminthes have a well-defined circulatory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symmetry do Echinodermata exhibit as adults?

    <p>Pentaradiate symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body plan of Mollusca consists of a foot, ______, and viscera.

    <p>mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phyla with their characteristics:

    <p>Nematoda = Pseudocoelomate and unsegmented Arthropoda = Jointed limbs and chitinous exoskeleton Echinodermata = Pentaradiate symmetry as adults Chordata = Notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction do choanoflagellates primarily use?

    <p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choanoflagellates are the only unicellular eukaryotes known to exist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes animals from choanoflagellates?

    <p>Multicellularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals that lack a major axis of symmetry are described as __________.

    <p>asymmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>Have a cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each term with its description:

    <p>Choanoflagellates = Unicellular filter feeders Extracellular digestion = Process of breaking down food outside of cells Homeotic genes = Regulate anatomical structures during development Monophyletic group = A clade with a common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symmetry allows an organism's body to be divided into identical sections from a central point?

    <p>Radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals possess a nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of body cavity do pseudocoelomates possess?

    <p>Cavity lined with mesoderm on the outer side only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals in the phylum Cnidaria have radial symmetry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?

    <p>Filter feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms with three embryonic tissue layers are classified as __________ animals.

    <p>triploblastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phyla with their characteristics:

    <p>Ctenophora = Comb jellies Porifera = Sponges with no symmetry Cnidaria = Jellyfish and corals with radial symmetry Annelida = Segmented worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is specific to Ecdysozoans?

    <p>External cuticle that is shed to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the phylum Mollusca have segmented bodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feeding structure found in some Lophotrochozoans?

    <p>lophophore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body plan of Nematoda is described as __________ due to the presence of a body wall lined with mesoderm while the gut lacks a mesoderm envelope.

    <p>pseudocoelomate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phyla with their key characteristics:

    <p>Annelida = Metamerism and well-defined segments Echinodermata = Pentaradiate symmetry in adults Platyhelminthes = Acoelomate body structure Chordata = Presence of a notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of reproduction for choanoflagellates?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All multicellular eukaryotes have a cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define what a clade is in terms of evolutionary biology.

    <p>A monophyletic group composed only of taxa with common ancestors sharing synapomorphies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choanoflagellates are known to be __________ feeders.

    <p>filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the corresponding animal groups:

    <p>Porifera = Have choanocytes and filter feed Cnidaria = Exhibit radial symmetry Ecdysozoa = Possess an exoskeleton and undergo molting Lophotrochozoa = Commonly have a larval stage called trochophore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of choanoflagellates?

    <p>They possess a true nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals are photoautotrophic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symmetry does an organism exhibit if it can be divided into identical sections from a central point?

    <p>Radial symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Choanoflagellates

    • Unicellular eukaryote
    • Closest relative to animals
    • Have a collar around a flagellum
    • Filter feeders
    • Consume bacteria

    Animal Characteristics

    • Multicellular eukaryotes
    • Chemoheterotrophic
    • Obtain food through extracellular digestion
    • No cell wall
    • Motile
    • Produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
    • Sense and respond to the environment
    • Diploid stage is dominant
    • Have a blastula stage during development
    • Undergo gastrulation during development
    • Cell membranes contain cholesterol
    • Have an extracellular matrix containing collagen
    • Have cell-cell junctions (tight, anchoring, and gap junctions)

    Plant Characteristics

    • Multicellular eukaryotes
    • Photoautotrophic
    • Have cell walls
    • Sessile
    • Alternate between haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages
    • Cell wall provides shape and protection
    • Large vacuoles provide turgor pressure against the cell wall
    • Have chloroplasts
    • Can move through growth, pollen/seed dispersal, or being moved by external forces

    Animal Mobility

    • Most are mobile to acquire food
    • Motility characteristics:
      • Muscles
      • Sense organs and cephalization
      • Nervous, digestive, excretory, and skeletal systems
      • Locomotory structures
      • High metabolic rate
    • Some animals can be sessile

    Clades

    • A monophyletic group composed only of taxa with a common ancestor
    • Represents the most likely evolutionary pathway

    Cambrian Explosion

    • First diverse fauna of large, complex multicellular animals
    • First animals with eyes and jaws
    • Represents a rapid evolutionary radiation of Animalia

    Animal Classification

    • Symmetry
      • Asymmetric: No major axis of symmetry
      • Radial: Body can be cut into identical sections, with no left/right or front/back distinction
      • Bilateral: Body has a mirror-image left-right symmetry

    Animal Body Cavities

    • Coelom: Internal body cavity
      • Acoelomate: No cavity enclosing the gut
      • Pseudocoelomate: Cavity enclosing the gut lined with mesoderm on the outer side, but not the inner side
      • Coelomate: Cavity enclosing the gut lined with mesoderm on both sides

    Embryonic Tissue Layers

    • Diploblastic: Two embryonic tissue layers: endoderm and ectoderm
    • Triploblastic: Three embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

    Bilaterian Divisions

    • Protostomes: The first opening in the embryo develops into the mouth
    • Deuterostomes: The first opening in the embryo develops into the anus

    Metamerism

    • Metameric segmentation: Repeating segments
      • Found in chordates, arthropods, and annelids

    Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

    • Bilateral symmetry

    Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

    • Asymmetrical
    • Sessile as adults
    • No nerves
    • Filter feeders
    • Choanocytes provide flagellar action

    Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Coral)

    • Radial symmetry
    • Diploblastic
    • Cnidocytes are a shared derived character, used to capture prey

    Lophotrochozoans

    • Have a trochophore larva
    • Some have a lophophore feeding structure

    Ecdysozoans

    • External cuticle that is shed to grow (ecdysis)

    Lophotrochozoans: Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

    • Acoelomates: No cavity between the body walls and the gut
    • No circulatory system

    Lophotrochozoans: Phylum Mollusca

    • Body organized into a foot, mantle, and visceral mass
    • Unsegmented

    Lophotrochozoans: Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

    • Metamerism: Well-defined segments

    Ecdysozoans: Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

    • Pseudocoelomate: Body wall lined with mesoderm, but the gut is not
    • Unsegmented

    Ecdysozoans: Phylum Arthropoda

    • Jointed chitinous exoskeleton
    • Segmented body
    • Jointed limbs
    • Tagmatization: Fusion of body segments

    Deuterostomes: Phylum Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins)

    • Bilaterally symmetrical larvae
    • Pentaradial symmetry as adults
    • Water vascular system and tube feet

    Deuterostomes: Phylum Hemichordata

    • Pharyngeal gill slits
    • Dorsal nerve cord
    • Stomochord: A structure similar, but not homologous, to a notochord

    Deuterostomes: Phylum Chordata

    • Notochord
    • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
    • Pharyngeal gill slits - perforated pharynx
    • Post-anal tail
    • Segmented muscles

    Choanoflagellates

    • Unicellular eukaryotes most closely related to animals.
    • Sessile, meaning they don't move on their own.
    • Reproduce asexually.
    • Possess a collar surrounding a flagellum with contractile microfibrils.
    • Closely related to choanocytes found in sponges.
    • Filter feed on bacteria.

    Animals

    • Multicellular eukaryotes.
    • Chemoheterotrophic: They obtain energy by consuming organic molecules.
    • Extracellular digestion: Break down food outside of the cell.
    • Lack a cell wall.
    • Motile: Have some type of self-directed movement.
    • Utilize oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production.
    • Can sense and respond to their environment.
    • Have a dominant diploid stage.
    • Develop from a blastula and undergo gastrulation.
    • Cell membranes contain cholesterol.
    • Contain extracellular matrices like collagen.
    • Possess cell-cell junctions, such as tight, anchoring, and gap junctions.

    Plants

    • Multicellular eukaryotes.
    • Photoautotrophic: They produce their own food through photosynthesis.
    • Have a cell wall.
    • Mostly sessile - they don't move on their own.
    • Alternate between haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages.
    • Possess cell walls for shape, protection, and turgor pressure.
    • Large vacuoles help maintain turgor pressure.
    • Contain chloroplasts.
    • Can be moved (mobility) or move themselves (motility).

    Fungi

    • Chemoheterotrophic.
    • Mostly require mobility for food acquisition.
    • Lack a cell wall.
    • Can be motile.

    Animals (Motility & Other Characteristics)

    • Motility characteristics include muscles, sensory organs, cephalization, nervous, digestive, excretory, and skeletal systems.
    • High metabolic rate.
    • Some can be sessile.
    • Dominant diploid stage.

    Clade

    • A monophyletic group consisting of taxa with a common ancestor that share synapomorphies (shared derived traits).
    • Represents the phylogeny that requires the least evolutionary change.

    Animal Classification

    • Asymmetrical: No major axis of symmetry.
    • Radial symmetry: Body can be cut into identical pie segments.
    • Bilateral symmetry: Body has mirror-image left-right symmetry.

    Body Cavities (Coelom)

    • Acoelomate: No cavity enclosing the gut.
    • Pseudocoelomate: Cavity enclosing the gut is lined with mesoderm on the outer side, but not the inner.
    • Coelomate: Gut suspended in a cavity lined with mesoderm on both sides.

    Embryonic Tissue Layers

    • Diploblastic: Two embryonic tissue layers - endoderm and ectoderm.
    • Triploblastic: Three embryonic tissue layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

    Bilaterian Divisions

    • Protostomes: First opening in the embryo becomes the mouth.
    • Deuterostomes: First opening becomes the anus.

    Metameric Segmentation (Repeating)

    • Chordates, arthropods, and annelids.

    Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

    • Bilateral symmetry.

    Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

    • Asymmetrical.
    • Sessile as adults.
    • No nerves, filter feeders.
    • Use choanocyte flagella for movement.
    • Suspension feeders.

    Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Coral)

    • Radial symmetry.
    • Diploblastic.
    • Possess cnidocytes with nematocysts for capturing prey.

    Colonial Cnidarians

    • Siphonophores.

    Protostomes

    • Lophotrochozoans: Have trochophore larvae and some possess a lophophore feeding structure.
    • Ecdysozoans: Possess an outer cuticle that is shed to grow (ecdysis).

    Lophotrochozoans - Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

    • Acoelomate - no cavity between the body wall and gut.
    • No circulatory system.

    Lophotrochozoans - Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)

    • Body organized into foot, mantle, and visceral mass.
    • Unsegmented.

    Lophotrochozoans - Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

    • Metameric segmentation.
    • Well-defined segments.

    Ecdysozoans

    • Growth through ecdysis, shedding of the cuticle.
    • Acellular cuticle: Secreted by epidermal cells.

    Ecdysozoans - Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

    • Pseudocoelomate: Body wall lined with mesoderm, but the gut has no mesoderm envelope.
    • Unsegmented.

    Ecdysozoans - Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)

    • Jointed chitinous exoskeleton.
    • Segmented body with specialized body parts.
    • Jointed limbs.
    • Tagmatization: Fusion of body segments.

    Deuterostomes - Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)

    • Bilaterally symmetrical larvae.
    • Pentaradial symmetry as adults.
    • Water vascular system and tube feet.
    • Examples: Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.

    Deuterostomes - Phylum Hemichordata (Hemichordates)

    • Pharyngeal gill slits.
    • Dorsal nerve cord.
    • Stomochord, a structure similar to but not a notochord (rod-like).

    Deuterostomes - Phylum Chordata (Chordates)

    • Notochord, a flexible rod for support.
    • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
    • Pharyngeal slits, openings in the throat that can be used for filter feeding or gas exchange.
    • Post-anal tail, an extension of the body beyond the anus.
    • Segmented muscles: Muscles arranged in repeating blocks along the body.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in animal biology, focusing on body symmetry, developmental stages, and characteristics of various animal groups, including acoelomates and choanoflagellates. Test your knowledge on how these features contribute to the diversity of animal life.

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