Animal Behaviour: Intro and Non-Associative Learning

Intro to Animal behaviour

• Behavior results from gene, environment, and experience interactions.
• Psychology studies the mind and its mechanisms, while ethology biologically studies behavior, focusing on its purpose and evolution.
• Tinbergen's 4 questions view animal behaviors from an evolutionary standpoint, with a 5th question added to emphasize animal sentience and experiences similar to humans.
• Behavioral drivers are influenced by experiences/states such as positive rewards/pleasure and negative pain/anxiety/fear.
• Learning is motivated by emotion and considered a form of cognition, involving knowledge acquisition through thought, experiences, and senses.

Non-Associative Learning

• In non-associative learning, an animal's behavior changes towards a stimulus without apparent reward or punishment.
• Imprinting is rapid, permanent learning during a sensitive period.
• Habituation decreases response after repeated stimulus exposure and can be generalized.
• Prey animals find habituation particularly important due to neophobia.
• Effective habituation should be gradual, non-forceful, and below the fear threshold.
• Sensitization increases response after repeated stimulus exposure, generally with aversive stimuli and above the fear threshold.
• Desensitization decreases a previously sensitized response following repeated stimulus exposure, similar to habituation.

Associative Learning

• Associative learning is learning the relationship between separate stimuli.
• A new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus.
• Classical conditioning is a learned association between a neutral stimulus (CS) and a meaningful stimulus (UCS).
• This is also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
• Stimuli order is vital due to UCS being an unconditioned stimulus, UCR being an unconditioned response, CS being a condoned stimulus and CR being a conditioned response.
• Classical conditioning can make an animal show a fearful response to a vet if the vet previously performed a painful procedure.
• Operant conditioning changes the probability of a behavior due to a learned association between that behavior and a meaningful consequence for the animal.
• The animal learns that a behavior is followed by consequences that it likes (reinforcer) or does not like (punisher) and behaves accordingly.
• This is the foundation of animal training.
• Particular/target responses equal cues.

Principles of Reinforcement

• Refers to a change in the emotional/affective state of animal and the likelihood of performing a behavior based on it
• Primary reinforcers have an evolved biological meaning, things that should be approached or avoided in the ancestral environment.
• These are reinforcing in and of itself but not necessarily still useful due to domestication.
• Secondary reinforcers have become reinforcing/punishing through learned association (classical conditioning).
• They include clickers.
• Reinforcement schedules include fixed and intermittent schedules.

Punishment

• Aversive events decrease behavior it follows.
• Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten, and returns when punishment is absent.
• Punishment does not necessarily guide towards desired behavior, it only tells you what not to do.
• Punishment teaches how to avoid it.

Reinforcement Schedules

• With continual reinforcement, every behavior occurrence is paired with a reinforcer.
• Learning and extinction occur rapidly.
• With partial reinforcement, only some behavior occurrences are paired with the reinforcer.
• Learning occurs slowly and is resistant to extinction.
• Partial reinforcement can be interval or ratio, fixed or variable.
• Fixed ratio (FR) reinforces behavior after a specific number of occurrences, leading to a high response rate.
• Variable ratio (VR) reinforces behavior after an unpredictable number of times, making it hard to extinguish.
• Fixed intervals (FI) reinforces behavior only after a specific time has elapsed, increasing behavior frequency as the reward time nears.
• Variable intervals (VI) reinforces behavior at unpredictable time intervals, producing a slow, steady response.
• Differential reinforcement (DR) gives the dog different valued rewards that reflect the quality of the performance for above average responses.

Shaping, Capturing and Chaining

• Shaping builds a particular behavior gradually using small steps to achieve the final behavior.
• Achieves the desired behavior without using force.
• Chaining involves behaviors where each cue predicts the next behavior, and can be forward or backward.
• Essential to break the chain down when chaining a routine.
• Reinforcement can apply to the complete chain or routine only.
• Chaining is a commonly procedure in advanced animal training because it means the animal does all components to a task simultaneously.

Discrimination and Generalization

• Discrimination allows distinctions between stimuli that differ in particular features and is adaptive ecological history.
• Generalization responds to shared features within a range of stimuli.
• It adapts the response to new stimuli.
• Shared information relates with previously encountered stimuli.

Factors Affecting Learning

• Motivational state- hunger
• Biological predisposition
• Environment
• Distractors
• Anxiety
• Age
  • Horses handled when young show lower neophobia.
  • Dogs decline in learning and memory ability.

Learning & Training

• Motivation is a state in which we are stimulated and our behavior is goal directed.
• Motivational states:
  • Energize behavior
  • Guide behavior
  • Persist until goal is achieved
  • Vary in strength based on internal and external factors.
• Regulatory motivation drives us to engage in homeostasis.
• Goal directed motivation fulfills personal goals
• Function > achieve goal or desired outcome (driven by cognitive processes).

Needs, Drives and Rewards

• Need is a state of deficiency or depravation.
• Drives are physiological states activated to satisfy needs.
• Reward occurs when behavior satisfies a need, and the animal experiences drive reduction.
• Learning theory states that need activates behavior, and the animal engages in behavior (trail and error) until it finds one that satisfies the need leading to drive reduction.
• This, however, doesn't explain persistent behaviors after drive reduction occurred because they are driven by cognitive processes and emotions.

Emotions

• Emotions arise from nerve cell activity in several parts of the brain.
• They can be pleasant (+) or unpleasant (-) and more arousing or less arousing.
• Emotions link to changes in behavior and physiology.
• Example: fear response = danger leading to fear emotion, increased heart rate and hormone changes leading to running away.
• Nervous systems and hormone concentrations react similarly in fearful and pleasant situations in animals and humans.
• Emotions help us learn, initiate actions and survive by adapting to new and sudden changes in the environment .

Purpose of Training

• Basic control
• Solve basic behavior problems
• Behavior modification
• Positive pet interactions
• Enrichment
• Jobs
• Injury prevention

Hierarchy of Dog Needs (Ascending Order)

• Biological needs
• Emotional needs
• Social needs
• Fore free training needs
• Cognitive needs
• Biological, emotional and social need to be met before training.

AVSAB position statement on dominance and punishment

• Traditional animal training assumes that animals misbehave primarily because they are striving for higher rank, leading trainers to use force or coercion to modify undesirable behaviors.
• Dominance-based techniques (force, stare downs, alpha rolls etc) can lead to increased fear, escalated aggression, breakdown of human-animal bond and poor welfare.

General Principles of Training

• Understanding how animals learn (learning theory)
• Clear goal and plan
• Value of reinforcer to animal (affects motivational state)
• Timing and consistency
• Reward schedule and number of pairings, and follow with differential reinforcement initially 1:1 to learn and establish response
• Clarity of cues/signals
• Opposing signals cause confusion/internal conflict behavior.
• Short, and frequent lessons enhance learning and memory.

Problems Encountered During Training

• Anger and frustration
• Anxiety, fear, stress
• Consider factors affecting learning
• Motivational state, biological predisposition, environment, age

Animal Welfare

• Animal welfare includes:
  • Science of understanding animals and their interests
  • Ethics of what should i do with animals and why
  • Policy and law consensus view about our interactions with animals
• Understanding animals and their interests includes health/disease, (neuro) physiology, animal behavior/ethology, ecology, animal sciences (nutrition, genetics, reproduction, etc).
• Animal welfare is a state of sentient animals and is the overall mental experiences of animal.
• Not resources or management applied to animals.
• What matters to animal = how they subjectively experience their situation.

Animal Use Types

• Companion animals/ pets
• Research
• Sports/hunting/fishing/racing
• Transportation
• Entertainment
• Therapy
• Assistance
• Work
• Conservation
• Slaughter/meat

Why Animal Welfare Matters

• The right thing to do – animals can suffer.
• We care about animals.
• Society cares about animals.
• Economic benefit
• Law requires it (animal welfare act 1999).

How to Behave Towards Animals

• We use laws to regulate things that we care about as a society
• Animal welfare act 1999
• Humans must provide animals with appropriate care and protect them from harm and do not have rights animals
• Incremental changes involve Empirical evidence which provides credibility to national and international standards setting.
• Law evolves in response to human needs, science & technology and the capability of stakeholders to influence.
• Evolution of what's considered acceptable human-animal interactions.
• Animal welfare = a state within an animal focusing on overall mental experiences.

History of AW Science

• The conception of animal welfare has evolved over time.
• Animal welfare science = relatively new and emerged from ethical concern for the treatment of animals.
• Formal concept of AW rose after publication of ‘Animal Machines” in 1964.
• ‘Brambell Report’ 1965 was the first characterisation of AW.
• Major concerns for welfare in factory farming systems and it recommended to address those concerns.
• First farm animal welfare legislation 1968 agriculture Act.
• The Brambell report was the foundation for 5 freedoms FAW 1979 which outlined key features of AW, subjective experience, health and behavior.

"5 Freedoms" of Animal Welfare

• Freedom from hunger and thirst
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
• Freedom to express normal behavior
• Freedom from fear and distress
• Issues:
  • ‘Freedom from’ not achievable or desirable.
  • Focuses solely on negatives.

Characterising Animal Welfare

• How the animal is experiencing its life- therefore it is within an individual animal.
• Judgment factors include ethics, values and past experience.
• Different aspects of AW are prioritized by people,
• The three orientations are:
  • Biological function
  • Natural living
  • Affective state (feelings)
• They are not completely separate, or mutually exclusive.
• Emphasis of Biological function = basic health/functioning
• Goal of Biological Function = ensure good physical health, functioning, and reproduction
• Animal welfare is good when health, growth and reproduction are good.
• Emphasis of Natural Living = naturalness of environment; ability to express natural behavior
• Goal of natural living = allow animal to develop and live in a way that is natural to the species / matches their adaptations
• Animal welfare if good when the animals environment is similar to their natural environment and/or they are able to perform their full range of natural behaviors.
• Emphasis of Affective State: subjective experience / emotions
• Goal of Affective State is to minimize unpleasant feelings, allow normal pleasures.
• Welfare is good when the animal is experiencing a positive mental state.
• Focusing on single orientation alone is problematic.
• Integrated approach is better.
• Judge an animals welfare on the basis of its current experience.
• Biological function and affective state intrinsically linked
• Biological function = basis for generation of subjective experiences
• Subjective states can influence biological function
• Natural living = the animals physical, sensory and social environment contribute to subjective experiences.

Orrientations Towards Animal Welfare

• Three orientations:
  • Differ in terms of how welfare is characterised.
  • Use different scientific methods.
• Biological function approaches:
  • Focuses on health/functional status.
  • Presence / absence of disease, injury.
  • normal/impaired physiological function

Veterinary Pathology and Epidemiology

• Improves health (reducing/preventing injury/disease).
• Improves growth and production (interaction with welfare?).
• Improves reproductive success or capacity (interaction with welfare?).
• Understanding normal physiology
• Understanding disease processes
• Optimizing nutrition and Design of cages and enclosures are key to welfare.
• The research designs are:
  • Controlled experimental studies
  • Case control studies
  • Animal based - non animal based.
• The questions to ask when using natural selection include:
  • Does captive environment match that in which species evolved?
  • Does captive environment enable animals to exhibit full range of natural behaviors?
• These rely on observational studies
• Wild counterparts, domesticated animals in semi-wild setting.
• Purpose = identify environmental features/behaviors to incorporate in captive setting

Preference and Motivation Studies

• Preference = choice among available options to Identify most/least preferred option
• Strength of preference shows how hard will animal work to Introduce a ‘cost’ to access
• High motivation = high preference

Affective State

• Focus: subjective experience, alleviation of negative states and promotion of positive states.
• There are scientific researching to establish links between biological processes and affective states and establishing links between behavior and affective states using:
  • Affective neuroscience -Study of neural basis of emotion/affect.
  • Invasive techniques like histology, implantation and hormone administration.
  • Non-invasive techniques like electroencephalography and brain imaging.
  • Behavior and affect – Preference Testing.
  • Behavior and affect – Affective Bias Testing which manipulates factors that might affect mood and observe choices made.
  • Behavior and affect – Facial Expression -Social Sciences.

Evaluating Animal Welfare

• For an animal to be capable of perceiving states that we consider reflect its welfare it must be:
  • Sentient
  • Conscious
• Deciding requires Scientific Evidence – Animal welfare science to decides which animals to be concerned about and What kind of affective experiences an animal/species is capable of having.

Welfare Indicators

Observable or measurable variables that provide info on welfare status. Two broad categories: - Non-animal based - Animal based

• Non-animal based indicators of welfare:
  • Resource based -Measures of the physical environment and resources available to the animal
  • Management based - e measures of management practic
• These are:
  • Input based
  • Alerting
• Animal-based indicators of welfare:
  • Measures taken directly from the animal itself.
  • Output-based

Usage of Different Indicator Types

• Animal based measures:
  • More informative as they are more direct reflection of an animals experience and allow comparison across husbandry systems
• Non-animal based:
  • This is -indirect an potentially less precise.

Two Considerations of Usage Different Indicator Types

• Links between observed indicator and physical/functional impacts.
• Links between physical/functional impact and specific mental experiences.
• Scientific evidence of link between physiological state and mental experience comes from mechanisms of deficiency/disruption/dysfunction or homeostatic imbalance and Comparison with human reports in similar situations anthropomorphism.

Welfare Assesment

• Need systematic structured comprehensive approach.
• The Five Domains Model provides that.
• More indicators for a particular affective state the more confidence of the experience.

Five Domain Model

• Food and water availability and quality, food variety, intake
• Restrictions on food/water intake
• Poor food/water quality
• Lack of food variety
• Voluntary/involuntary overeating
• Assess this using both animal-based and non-animal based indicators
• Affective experiences are present
• In terms of physical environment animal should avoid Unavoidable physical conditions that effect them like temperature, humidity, air quality, light intensity, noise, substrate, flooring, space, enclosure design, physical constraints on rest and sleep and unpredictable events
• One must assess this using both animal-based and non-animal based indicators
• Health:
  • Presence/absence of disease, injury, functional impairment
  • Clinical signs; physiological measures
• Health predominantly animal-based indicators
• Domains 1-3 key concepts
• Reflects animals internal physical/functional state.
• Restrictions in these domains can lead to welfare compromise.
• Associated experiences (D5) are survival-critical affects. Meeting needs can achieve neutral welfare at best.
• Interactions with -Environment
  • Other animals -Humans
• This domain is animal based
• Many behaviors are both rewarding and enhance positive affecrts.
• Domain 4 Key Concepts focus on perception of external circumstances in terms of Situations and the effect of these is linked to Domains 1-3 concepts.
• Integration of mental experiences/affective states occurs
  • -From perception of their internal state of its body.
  • -From perception of its environment .
• Therefore we can evaluate their external circumstances.
• Domain 5: Affective experience IS NOT assessed separately:
• Interpretation of evidence in Domains 1-4.
• Physical state/behavioral interactions give rise to mental states.
• Integrated outcome determines current welfare status.

Welfare Consideration

• Tendency to focus on pain and lump other negative states together.
• Therefor negative experience is a better term.
• Focuses on the expanded to Thirst, hunger, fear, anxiety, pain, nausea, dizziness, debility, weakness, sickness, frustration, anger, loneliness and boredom.
• Recognize the alleviation of the negative states, its still important towards welfare management.
• We must look to enhance positive welfare that is associated in negative feelings.
• Two major categories of affective states:
  • Survival-critical
  • Situation-related

Survival-Critical Negative Experiences

• Internally generated reflecting imbalances in the internal physiological/functional affecting animals survival.
• Inability to alleviate through behavioral response = severe negative, accompanied by fear/anxiety.
• Alleviation usually leads to neutral welfare at BEST
• Transient positives?
• Alleviation of prolonged or severe survival critical affects may be associated with transient positive experiences
• This is why meeting animals needs in domains 1-3 can really only get them to neutral welfare state

SIituation Related Negative Experiences

• .Externally generated by their behavioural interaction associated a certain domains.
• The need for human intervention to rectify
• Abnormal/displaced behaviours = possible consequence of being unable to perform highly motivated behaviors or failure to gain anticipated rewards.
• Can lead stereotypes/ abnormal repetitive behavior (ARB).

ARBS and the Importance of Environmental Enrichment

• A result of “repetitive behavior in a restrictive environment induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or CNS dysfunction”.
• To alleviate ARBs use =Environmental enrichment (opportunity to perform preferred behaviors), Pharmacology,
• Positive reinforcement (Animal Training) and Environmental enrichment (opportunities to hide/retreat, choice of whether to engage)
• Consider Alleviation to engage with that reward behaviour rather than punishment which isn’t conducive for animal welfare.
• Environmental enrichment is the provision and its Utilisation of opportunities to engage in desirable/rewarding species specific behaviours.
• Provide the individual opportunities to engage in preferred behaviours dependent on the situation and the internal and external environmental factors.

Providing Appropriate Enrichments

• 1,2,3 don’t address underlying problems/motivations
• Need to know social structure, cognitive capacity and choices that animals want to achieve their goals.
• Exercising agency/ goal directed behavior = intrinsically rewarding - and helps the animal achieve their wants and needs.
• Consider relationship between level of challenge and skill level required.
• Most Zoo animals are motivated to engage with enrichments when they provide enrichment or those that provide a physical stimuli.

Types of Challenges

Challenge < skills = Boardom Challenge > skills = Fear Therefore zoo animals must be motivated to engage with enrichments which do not ensure the animals guaranteed or highly unprobable engagement with the stimuli as well as having both skills and challenges

Euthanasia

Derived from the greek term “ Eu-thanatos” which means “Good death”. Euthanasia implies killing for the benefit of the animal (To end the suffering).

Situations In Which People Kill animals

• Slaughter for food
• Culling livestock (Due to low production OR/ reproduction)
• End suffering ( Aged, sick ,ect.)
• Pest control
• Research end points
• Unwanted breeding stock
• Behavioural issues
• Financial limitations (Routine care OR/ medical needs)
• Disease control (Diseased v.s. Healthy animals)
• Recreational hunting & fishing, Disease surveillance ,etc.
• There must be a Moral and legal obligation to provide a “good life” that includes a “Good death”.

Criteria for a humane death

• Fast loss of consciousness minimizing prior negative experiences
• Consciousness must not be recovered before death occurs. These 2 goals can be achieve via; One that causes instantaneous CNS that causes loss of consciousness then the animal eventually does before consciousness returns.
• Ethical conduct for most companion animals = pre-sedation before inducing death and must show a clear decision process.

Considerations Factors in Method Selection

Most animal welfare humanness= primary consideration

1, Human Risk and Safety 2, Tissue Use (Food, experimental, disease surveillance) 3,Drug Residues ( Safety for predators/scavengers ) 4,Environmental Impact 5, Asthenic Acceptability/ Emotional impact ( what the owner/viewer requires of the procedure. 6, Species, age and health conditions of that animal. 7, Number of Individuals 8, Legal Requirements 9,Time Constraints 10, Religious/cultural considerations. 11,Diseases control

“Codes for Euthanasia for animals”

Have animal ethical review boards to establish and enforce a minimum and ethical standards to provide a fast, effective and minimal negative experience, but MAY justify a less humane option being selected if necessary.

Depopulating Considerations

The rapid destruction of a population of animals in response to urgent circumstances with consideration given to the welfare of the animals as practicable This often involves large numbers where less humane methods may be acceptable.

Livestock Slaughter

• There is a Ethical and moral obligation to minimize animals suffering during life and in death.
• Goal= sever major blood vessels supplying and draining the brain as this will result in massive decline in central blood profusion to loss of consciousness, insensibility and death.
• Commercially done by a throaty throat with the goal of the cut to server carotid arteries, jugular veins, other BVs, nerves and connective tissues which a) Causes Physiological shock and fear/ anxiety. b) Sensual activity and Sensory input continues to be perceived until LoC c) Period of likely awareness varies between species.

Pre-Slaughter Stunning and Considerations

Ensuring the animal welfare during the process is humane. Humane death of the slaughter requires a) a Rapid unconsciousness AND. b) Minimal Negative experience. Solution = pre slaughter stunning as this induces loss of consciousness prior to death. Methods are head concussion and chemical induction with

• 1 Electrical stunning either with the head with a short controlled exposure or with the head to back which ensures complete death. 2.Religious considerations regarding Halal slaughters allows reversible stunning methods that are permitted but there no stun at all if there is any risk to the animal with Jewish ones.

Animal Ethics & Policies:

Location on sociozoologic scale (Arluke & Sanders 1996) Moral status personal perspectives/ethics

• An Act to reform the law relating to the welfare of animals and the prevention of their ill-treatment and recognize that Animals are sentient ( the capacity to perceive or experience subjectively ).

"Socio Zoologic Theory"

How to decide which animals to care about

• An animals ability to sentient
• Location on sociozoologic scale and personal perspectives.
• The hierarchy of animals is based on the moral order in the use and harm the animal and how they are perceived and there interactions to humans.
• Scale implications of the position an animal on the impacts the view and treatment of individual animal. Ex; companion animals ( given the name).
• Versus utility animals given only numbers.
• Consequence of mass factory farming results in AW when they the system relies on mass production and have limited interaction. When we view animals in this way we are more inclined to not treat each animal as an individual ( or important).

Is The Moral Status A Human Construct

- Instrument Value - Animals have value as living beings.

“We justify using animals or valuing them differently because animals matter LESS than human beings do cultural and religious background – history” And “ The question is not can they reason? Nor can they talk? But can they suffer?” (Bentham 1789)

• Suggests that the capacity to SUFFER confers moral status.
• 18th-century English philosopher Jeremy Bentham argued that moral rights should be provided to animals.
• Bentham argues that human linguistic are not criteria for superior moral.

Do We Need To Theorize Ethics Ethical Theory?

To be understood by and understand people who hold different views we MUST be able to understand the nature of our disagreement. There are 3 problems when one is an expert with high interactions to animals should not only let to there feeling

• People's ethical standards for right and wrong often unstable or contradictory.
• Contradictory feelings can encourage double standards (expression strong view about animal W but buying cheap animal products from supermarket)
• Need that one must communication effectively – not just advance own intuitively held benefits

Ethical Decisions and Actions

• Primarily concerned with issues not covered by the law. -Ethical is that there is no consensus about what is right and wrong. -Ethical decisions are concerned with actions that can seriously impact the welfare or survival of others. -Ethical standards should take priority over all standards
• Ethical actions should be based on Broader Ethical Principals. Applied animal ethics in industrial food animal production Systems for raising food animals often geared towards producing large quantities of animal protein eg meat milk eggs, at low cost to consumer. These methods can result in poor animal welfare through Altered/ mutilated animals for management and AW issues with confinement
• Animal welfare = wicked problems that required a transdisciplinary. “ Moral lock in is common with those working in food animal industries and consumer must be aware”.
• There is an increasing consumer attention towards animal welfare issues and global drive to ensure long-term solutions for planet's health which should address and reduce the suffering.

###Why Ethics

• Provides the tool that support as in the reason to work.
• Ethical sensitivity that support us and that we are engaging and reasoning. There are five western theoretical positions which are
• Consquentialist and Non-consequentialy Theory.

Theory Positions

• Consquentialist and
• Non-consequentialist = focuses on NATURE not an just the outcome/consequence. The FIVE positions are

1. Contractarianism
2. Utilitarianism
3. Animal rights
4. Relational (Care) ethics
5. Respect for Nature

• Consequentialist–acceptability depends on outcome/consequence of action (action itself is not good or bad) and Non-consequentialist = focuses on NATURE of action or its underlying principle not just outcome/consequence.

Evaluating Ethicial Positions

• Most people don't consistently stick with a single pure position.
• Understanding theoretical positions can assist by,
• • Identify our own and other peoples Value and inters.
• How the conflict might arrive?
• What is more harmful?

No 1 "Right" comprehensive approach to ethical decision

• Professional codes of conduct and societal obligations ensure that Professionals has good character following
• ANIMAL and vet scientists provide that benefit to animal wellbeing as most decisions on animal practices

The Rights And Legalities For An Animal

• Legal person; an ethical and moral obligation to benefit ALL stakeholders involved.

• In ANZ, animals do no have those human right but there are laws to uphold the responsibilities that animal must engage and be treated.

• Animal welfare research needs

• Government always important and stakeholder in Animal welfare because it has repsosnbikitu of balancing and prioritizing interests of all stakeholders

• Animals are legally classified property 1.The responsibility to protect the ill treatment while at the same time prevent unnecessary animals.

1. Empirical evidence from the animal show the signs that provide science as an informant by which the law can use to give assistance and protection.
2. Enforcement; provide compliance from legal responsibilities through prevention and prosecution

• Animal welfare legislation is inherently associated with politics where autotomy in nation state supersede if nation state is a supranational organisation/treat/ Convention.

Animal Ethics Committee

To use animal research there are three ethics that MUST engaged with these questions; Justification for the research proposed What procedures prevent or alleviate pain and decrease distress from animals during the duration? " Three R" = Replace, reduce, refine. To protect the welfare and enhance the current state within animals

Veterinairnary Conduct

Ethical decision making involves animal legislation and is to provide a legislation to animals as ethical and humane practice which will benefit them.

" MPI "

1. Over see the ANZ agriculture and ethical treatment to that is in regards to food and the welfare of animal. 2.NAESC which provides animal research ethics and to enhance with animal legislation.

"Codes OF Welfare"

• Codes of all animal welfare which show minimal standards to act to towards all animal.
• In 2018 the pig act show to set regulations and standards to show how well a code of ethical conduct can be applied to a farming species.
• To summarise of acts, codes, regulations is to enhance life and prevent unreasonable or unnecessary pain or distressed.

MPI provides Animal welfare and the SPCS for those that keep companions

The Agnecy Domain

The effects of affecting behaviour can show knowledge if they a good impact What is normal for an animal?

• How they behave is how they interact and treat themselves.
• Encouraging animals that behave in a natural and normal way assists in keeping their behavioural management and giving them choice to enhance control to promote good ethics

Causes 1.Lack of behaviour and training 2.Negative socialisation and genetical and environment. Three bypotheis

Stress response 1: Social coping hypothesis; stress can be reduced by reduce the amount of stimuli. 2: Genetic can predispose that behaviour.welfare