Animal Behaviour & Evolution Summary
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Questions and Answers

Which factor strongly influences visual appearance and life history traits of prey?

  • Habitat variation
  • Parental care
  • Predation (correct)
  • Nutrient availability

What mechanism allows for changes in behavior over time besides evolution?

  • Natural selection
  • Learning (correct)
  • Genetic mutation
  • Migration

In high predation environments, what tends to happen to offspring size in guppies?

  • Remains constant irrespective of predation
  • Decreases due to survival adaptations (correct)
  • Increases due to resource abundance
  • Varies randomly with no correlation

What behavioral change is likely to occur when alarmed in a low predation environment?

<p>Individuals come closer together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key behaviors shared by animals referenced in the context of life history?

<p>Feeding, fighting, fleeing, reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does social learning allow that individual learning does not?

<p>Retention of information across generations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process where offspring of certain species evolve to have larger beaks during drought conditions?

<p>Selective advantage in food access (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of learning allows animals like rats to acquire food preferences?

<p>Social interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method ensures that both experimenters and subjects are unaware of the treatment assignments in a study?

<p>Double blind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a balanced diet impact the growth rate of organisms?

<p>It accelerates growth and reproductive success. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the expectation of improvement in a placebo-controlled trial?

<p>Anticipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of analyzing behaviors across generations?

<p>Evolutionary changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym PQ4R stand for in the context of learning strategies?

<p>Preview, Question, Recite, Review, Reflect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that homosexual behavior does not relate to fitness in many species?

<p>It does not result in offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Laysan albatrosses, what is significant about female-female pairs?

<p>They both participate in raising one chick per year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic factor is suggested to influence the likelihood of homosexuality in males?

<p>Having older biological brothers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of oxytocin in social bonding among bonobos?

<p>It reduces tension and increases pair bonding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes honey bee foragers from nurse bees?

<p>Foragers have different mRNA profiles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of having a high heritability in a trait concerning natural selection?

<p>Changes in the trait will result in observable evolutionary changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior does phototaxis measure in fruit flies?

<p>Movement in response to light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of inclusive fitness suggest about animal behavior?

<p>Behavior can evolve to support the survival of relatives, not just direct offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about anxiety in the context of evolutionary adaptation?

<p>It is linked to better survival rates due to risk aversion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did research on guppies reveal about anti-predator behavior?

<p>Guppies from different predation environments show varied traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do environmental factors play in the development of phenotypes?

<p>They interact with genetic factors to shape phenotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the behavior of male fruit flies illustrate selection dynamics?

<p>Male courtship leads to increased competition and aggression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is behavioral plasticity demonstrated in taxi drivers?

<p>Driving causes an increase in their spatial abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of artificial selection?

<p>It is directed by human preferences and breeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Quantitative Trait Loci' refer to?

<p>It identifies genes that influence polygenic traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Evolution

A gradual change in the characteristics of a population over generations due to genetic variation and natural selection.

Learning

The acquisition of new information or skills through experience, allowing individuals to adapt to their environment.

Life History Traits

Characteristics of an organism's lifespan, including growth, reproduction, and lifespan.

Four F’s

Key behaviors that are essential for survival and reproduction: Feeding, Fighting, Fucking, Fleeing.

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Fitness (in Biological Terms)

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.

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Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze information, identify assumptions, and make reasoned judgments.

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Scientific Method

A systematic process of investigation that involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data collection, analysis, and communication.

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Blind Experiment

An experiment where the researcher who collects data is unaware of the treatment groups to minimize bias.

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Double-Blind Experiment

An experiment where both the participants and the experimenter are unaware of the treatment groups.

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Placebo

An inactive substance or treatment that is given to participants in a controlled study to compare its effects to the effects of the actual treatment.

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PQ4R Method

A study method that involves previewing, questioning, reading, reciting, reviewing, and reflecting on the material.

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Individual Learning

Learning that occurs through an individual's own experiences and observations.

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Social Learning

Learning that occurs by observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

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Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce even when exposed to antibiotics.

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Heritable Variation

Differences in traits that can be passed from parents to offspring.

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Homosexual Behaviour in Animals

Same-sex sexual behaviour observed in various animal species. It does not always lead to offspring and is thought to be linked to social bonding, pleasure, and reducing tension.

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Extended Female Sexuality

Females engaging in sexual behaviours for a longer duration than just their fertile period. This can benefit them by securing resources, protection, and social bonds.

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Male-Male Conflict

Competition among males for resources, mates, and social dominance. This often involves aggressive behaviours like mounting, fighting, and displays of dominance.

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Social Tolerance in Bonobos vs Chimps

Bonobos are more tolerant and cooperative, evidenced by their sharing of food and engaging in same-sex behaviour, while chimps are more territorial and competitive.

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Fraternal Birth Order Effect

Having older biological brothers increases the probability of homosexuality in later-born males. This is linked to the maternal immune response to male-specific proteins.

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Maternal Immune Response

Maternal antibodies to male-specific proteins can influence the sexual orientation of offspring. This is thought to be a factor in the fraternal birth order effect.

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Hawk-Dove Game

A model of game theory illustrating the competition for resources between individuals with different strategies. Hawks are aggressive and fight for resources, while doves are peaceful and share resources.

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Inclusive Fitness

The total reproductive success of an individual, including the reproductive success of its relatives. This concept explains altruistic behaviours where an individual may sacrifice its own reproduction to benefit relatives.

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species, including the relationships between different species and their common ancestors.

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Insect Agriculture

The practice of cultivating and harvesting crops by insects. This behaviour has evolved independently multiple times across different insect species.

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Nurse-Forager Transition in Honey Bees

The change in behaviour of honey bees throughout their lifespan, from being nurses (caring for young) to foragers (collecting food). This is influenced by age and colony needs.

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Genetic Basis of Behaviour in Honey Bees

Genes play a significant role in influencing the transition from nurse to forager behaviour in honey bees. Specific genes, such as 'forR' and 'forS', are associated with foraging and nursing behaviour.

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Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)

Genes that control polygenic traits, meaning traits influenced by multiple genes. They can be identified and mapped using genetic markers.

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Heritability (Broad Sense)

Represents the proportion of phenotypic variance (total observed variation) that can be attributed to genetic variation. It includes all genetic influences

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Heritability (Narrow Sense)

Represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to additive genetic variance. It refers to the heritability of specific traits that are influenced by the combined effect of multiple genes.

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Response to Selection (R)

The change in the mean character state of a population after selective breeding, compared to the previous generation.

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Selection Differential (S)

The difference between the average trait value of the selected individuals and the average trait value of the entire population before selection.

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Study Notes

Animal Behaviour & Evolution Summary

  • Homosexual behavior does not result in offspring, so it is not related to fitness. It is found in many species. Courtship behavior is observed in same-sex relationships, but sexual orientation is specific to humans.
  • Sexual behavior without reproduction is common in females, and extended heterosexual behavior is also common.
  • Chimpanzees are only fertile for 3-4 days, but extended homosexual behavior is common.

Laysan Albatross

  • No visible physical differences between the sexes.
  • 31% of female-female pairs.
  • Both mothers raise one chick per year in homosexual behavior pairs.
  • Hatching rate lower in homosexual pairs.

Humans

  • Same-sex attraction varies (1% exclusive, 8-10% some contact, 2%-11% encounters within 5 years).
  • Same-sex attraction is not considered an evolutionary dilemma if it does not impact reproductive fitness.

Variation

  • Behavioral phenotypes exhibit significant variation.
  • Heritability is higher in males (0.2-0.5) than in females.

Environment

  • Less heritable in women (0.2-0.5).
  • Older brothers increase the likelihood of homosexuality in later-born males in humans.

Same-Sex Bonobos

  • Bonobos exhibit same-sex behavior, initiating and maintaining social relationships and decreasing tension.

  • Increased oxytocin levels are linked to social bonding.

Social Tolerance

  • Bonobos show more social tolerance than chimpanzees in conflict situations, such as co-feeding, sexual behavior, play, and aggression.

Maternal Immune Response

  • Maternal antibodies to male-specific proteins may alter sexual orientation.
  • Mothers with higher levels of neuroligin 4Y protein.
  • Links to social behavior and altered brain function in male fetuses.

Fighting

  • Aggression involves threatening signals or physical combat.
  • Dominance hierarchies are established through aggressive interactions.

Hawk-Dove Game

  • Hawk strategy: escalate conflict until injured.
  • Dove strategy: display, retreat if escalated.
  • Resource value (V) is greater than cost (C) favors the Hawk strategy.
  • Mixed strategy occurs when V is less than C.

Fruit Flies

  • Males court both males and females, often suppressing rivals.
  • Male-male conflict is common.
  • Females engage in same sex behavior.

Fish

  • (Green Swordtail) fish display aggression less often towards winners in one-way mirrors instead of those in a two-way mirrors. Fish will fight less when in contact with a mirror.

Sexual Selection

  • Individuals of one sex choose mates from the other sex.
  • Individuals of the same sex compete for mates.
  • Females show mate preference based on certain traits (e.g., coloration, ornaments) or behaviors of males.

Mating Behaviors in Different Species

  • Males and females can differ in size and appearance.
  • Species exhibit varied mating strategies.

Birds

  • Birds sing (e.g., courtship) to attract mates, identify territory, or communicate among themselves.

Foraging

  • Animals use diverse strategies to obtain food (e.g., foraging optimization models).

Predator Avoidance

  • Animals have evolved varied predator avoidance strategies.
  • In some case predators were artificial or chemical.
  • Predator avoidance behaviors can influence morphology, behavior, and life history characteristics.

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Animal Behaviour & Evolution PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of animal behavior and evolution across species. This quiz discusses homosexual behavior, reproductive fitness, and variation among chimpanzees and Laysan albatrosses, as well as insights into human sexual orientation. Test your knowledge on how these behaviors manifest in different species and their implications on evolution.

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