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Questions and Answers
Which factor strongly influences visual appearance and life history traits of prey?
Which factor strongly influences visual appearance and life history traits of prey?
What mechanism allows for changes in behavior over time besides evolution?
What mechanism allows for changes in behavior over time besides evolution?
In high predation environments, what tends to happen to offspring size in guppies?
In high predation environments, what tends to happen to offspring size in guppies?
What behavioral change is likely to occur when alarmed in a low predation environment?
What behavioral change is likely to occur when alarmed in a low predation environment?
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What are the four key behaviors shared by animals referenced in the context of life history?
What are the four key behaviors shared by animals referenced in the context of life history?
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What does social learning allow that individual learning does not?
What does social learning allow that individual learning does not?
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What describes the process where offspring of certain species evolve to have larger beaks during drought conditions?
What describes the process where offspring of certain species evolve to have larger beaks during drought conditions?
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What aspect of learning allows animals like rats to acquire food preferences?
What aspect of learning allows animals like rats to acquire food preferences?
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Which method ensures that both experimenters and subjects are unaware of the treatment assignments in a study?
Which method ensures that both experimenters and subjects are unaware of the treatment assignments in a study?
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How does a balanced diet impact the growth rate of organisms?
How does a balanced diet impact the growth rate of organisms?
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What term describes the expectation of improvement in a placebo-controlled trial?
What term describes the expectation of improvement in a placebo-controlled trial?
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What is the main focus of analyzing behaviors across generations?
What is the main focus of analyzing behaviors across generations?
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What does the acronym PQ4R stand for in the context of learning strategies?
What does the acronym PQ4R stand for in the context of learning strategies?
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What is the primary reason that homosexual behavior does not relate to fitness in many species?
What is the primary reason that homosexual behavior does not relate to fitness in many species?
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In Laysan albatrosses, what is significant about female-female pairs?
In Laysan albatrosses, what is significant about female-female pairs?
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What genetic factor is suggested to influence the likelihood of homosexuality in males?
What genetic factor is suggested to influence the likelihood of homosexuality in males?
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What is the main role of oxytocin in social bonding among bonobos?
What is the main role of oxytocin in social bonding among bonobos?
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Which feature distinguishes honey bee foragers from nurse bees?
Which feature distinguishes honey bee foragers from nurse bees?
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What is the implication of having a high heritability in a trait concerning natural selection?
What is the implication of having a high heritability in a trait concerning natural selection?
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What type of behavior does phototaxis measure in fruit flies?
What type of behavior does phototaxis measure in fruit flies?
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What does the concept of inclusive fitness suggest about animal behavior?
What does the concept of inclusive fitness suggest about animal behavior?
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What is suggested about anxiety in the context of evolutionary adaptation?
What is suggested about anxiety in the context of evolutionary adaptation?
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What did research on guppies reveal about anti-predator behavior?
What did research on guppies reveal about anti-predator behavior?
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What role do environmental factors play in the development of phenotypes?
What role do environmental factors play in the development of phenotypes?
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How does the behavior of male fruit flies illustrate selection dynamics?
How does the behavior of male fruit flies illustrate selection dynamics?
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How is behavioral plasticity demonstrated in taxi drivers?
How is behavioral plasticity demonstrated in taxi drivers?
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What is a feature of artificial selection?
What is a feature of artificial selection?
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What does the term 'Quantitative Trait Loci' refer to?
What does the term 'Quantitative Trait Loci' refer to?
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Study Notes
Animal Behaviour & Evolution Summary
- Homosexual behavior does not result in offspring, so it is not related to fitness. It is found in many species. Courtship behavior is observed in same-sex relationships, but sexual orientation is specific to humans.
- Sexual behavior without reproduction is common in females, and extended heterosexual behavior is also common.
- Chimpanzees are only fertile for 3-4 days, but extended homosexual behavior is common.
Laysan Albatross
- No visible physical differences between the sexes.
- 31% of female-female pairs.
- Both mothers raise one chick per year in homosexual behavior pairs.
- Hatching rate lower in homosexual pairs.
Humans
- Same-sex attraction varies (1% exclusive, 8-10% some contact, 2%-11% encounters within 5 years).
- Same-sex attraction is not considered an evolutionary dilemma if it does not impact reproductive fitness.
Variation
- Behavioral phenotypes exhibit significant variation.
- Heritability is higher in males (0.2-0.5) than in females.
Environment
- Less heritable in women (0.2-0.5).
- Older brothers increase the likelihood of homosexuality in later-born males in humans.
Same-Sex Bonobos
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Bonobos exhibit same-sex behavior, initiating and maintaining social relationships and decreasing tension.
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Increased oxytocin levels are linked to social bonding.
Social Tolerance
- Bonobos show more social tolerance than chimpanzees in conflict situations, such as co-feeding, sexual behavior, play, and aggression.
Maternal Immune Response
- Maternal antibodies to male-specific proteins may alter sexual orientation.
- Mothers with higher levels of neuroligin 4Y protein.
- Links to social behavior and altered brain function in male fetuses.
Fighting
- Aggression involves threatening signals or physical combat.
- Dominance hierarchies are established through aggressive interactions.
Hawk-Dove Game
- Hawk strategy: escalate conflict until injured.
- Dove strategy: display, retreat if escalated.
- Resource value (V) is greater than cost (C) favors the Hawk strategy.
- Mixed strategy occurs when V is less than C.
Fruit Flies
- Males court both males and females, often suppressing rivals.
- Male-male conflict is common.
- Females engage in same sex behavior.
Fish
- (Green Swordtail) fish display aggression less often towards winners in one-way mirrors instead of those in a two-way mirrors. Fish will fight less when in contact with a mirror.
Sexual Selection
- Individuals of one sex choose mates from the other sex.
- Individuals of the same sex compete for mates.
- Females show mate preference based on certain traits (e.g., coloration, ornaments) or behaviors of males.
Mating Behaviors in Different Species
- Males and females can differ in size and appearance.
- Species exhibit varied mating strategies.
Birds
- Birds sing (e.g., courtship) to attract mates, identify territory, or communicate among themselves.
Foraging
- Animals use diverse strategies to obtain food (e.g., foraging optimization models).
Predator Avoidance
- Animals have evolved varied predator avoidance strategies.
- In some case predators were artificial or chemical.
- Predator avoidance behaviors can influence morphology, behavior, and life history characteristics.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of animal behavior and evolution across species. This quiz discusses homosexual behavior, reproductive fitness, and variation among chimpanzees and Laysan albatrosses, as well as insights into human sexual orientation. Test your knowledge on how these behaviors manifest in different species and their implications on evolution.
