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The brain is regarded as the seat of ______ and higher mental processes.
The brain is regarded as the seat of ______ and higher mental processes.
consciousness
The Peripheral Nervous System lies outside the bony case of the skull and the spinal ______.
The Peripheral Nervous System lies outside the bony case of the skull and the spinal ______.
cord
The two main divisions of the PNS are the Autonomic NS and the ______ NS.
The two main divisions of the PNS are the Autonomic NS and the ______ NS.
Somatic
The ___________ division of the ANS calms the body and restores functions to normal.
The ___________ division of the ANS calms the body and restores functions to normal.
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The spinal cord is the main pathway for ______ and motor impulses.
The spinal cord is the main pathway for ______ and motor impulses.
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Over-secretion of Growth Hormone can lead to conditions such as Giantism and ___________.
Over-secretion of Growth Hormone can lead to conditions such as Giantism and ___________.
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The brainstem includes the pons, medulla, and ______.
The brainstem includes the pons, medulla, and ______.
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The ___________ gland is known as the master gland and regulates other glands.
The ___________ gland is known as the master gland and regulates other glands.
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The ___________ division of the ANS prepares the body for stressful situations.
The ___________ division of the ANS prepares the body for stressful situations.
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The midbrain is known as the ______ and is the smallest part of the brainstem.
The midbrain is known as the ______ and is the smallest part of the brainstem.
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The Autonomic Nervous System controls functions that are not under ______ control.
The Autonomic Nervous System controls functions that are not under ______ control.
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The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland secretes the Growth Hormone, also known as ___________ hormone.
The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland secretes the Growth Hormone, also known as ___________ hormone.
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The cerebellum contributes to our sense of ______ and helps coordinate smooth muscle movement.
The cerebellum contributes to our sense of ______ and helps coordinate smooth muscle movement.
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The limbic system is heavily involved in emotions, learning, memory, and the experience of ______.
The limbic system is heavily involved in emotions, learning, memory, and the experience of ______.
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The ______ is responsible for regulating vital bodily functions, such as heartbeat and breathing.
The ______ is responsible for regulating vital bodily functions, such as heartbeat and breathing.
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The pons is located just above the ______ and is crucial for coordination of movement.
The pons is located just above the ______ and is crucial for coordination of movement.
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The ______ explanation focuses on the purpose or function of behavior.
The ______ explanation focuses on the purpose or function of behavior.
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The ______ system contains the brain and spinal cord.
The ______ system contains the brain and spinal cord.
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The ______ explanation maps the influences of nutrition and genes in producing behaviors.
The ______ explanation maps the influences of nutrition and genes in producing behaviors.
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The major instrument of integration and coordination of the many activities regarding human behavior is the ______ system.
The major instrument of integration and coordination of the many activities regarding human behavior is the ______ system.
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Glutamate is the most commonly found ______ neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glutamate is the most commonly found ______ neurotransmitter in the brain.
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Astrocytes are a type of supporting cell in the nervous system that helps protect the cell from ______ substances.
Astrocytes are a type of supporting cell in the nervous system that helps protect the cell from ______ substances.
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Nicotine imitates the action of ______ and binds to ACh receptors.
Nicotine imitates the action of ______ and binds to ACh receptors.
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The ______ nervous system affects the cardiac muscles and operates involuntarily.
The ______ nervous system affects the cardiac muscles and operates involuntarily.
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The external part of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal ______.
The external part of the adrenal gland is known as the adrenal ______.
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Excessive fatigue and loss of appetite can result from undersecretion of ______.
Excessive fatigue and loss of appetite can result from undersecretion of ______.
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The ______ division is responsible for carrying sensory information to the central nervous system.
The ______ division is responsible for carrying sensory information to the central nervous system.
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The pancreas is responsible for secreting ______ to control blood sugar levels.
The pancreas is responsible for secreting ______ to control blood sugar levels.
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The ______ nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
The ______ nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
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The adrenal glands are located at the back of the body above the ______.
The adrenal glands are located at the back of the body above the ______.
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Epilepsy is associated with a deficiency in the neurotransmitter ______.
Epilepsy is associated with a deficiency in the neurotransmitter ______.
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The adrenal medulla secretes ______, which is important during emotional stress.
The adrenal medulla secretes ______, which is important during emotional stress.
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When the sugar level in the blood drops, the liver releases more glucose in response to ______.
When the sugar level in the blood drops, the liver releases more glucose in response to ______.
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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a ______.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across a ______.
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Serotonin is known as the happy hormone that is involved with mood, pain, control, and ______.
Serotonin is known as the happy hormone that is involved with mood, pain, control, and ______.
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Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic ______ on the presynaptic side.
Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic ______ on the presynaptic side.
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Alcohol binds directly to receptors for ______, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate.
Alcohol binds directly to receptors for ______, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate.
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Alcohol enhances the effects of GABA, which is an ______ neurotransmitter.
Alcohol enhances the effects of GABA, which is an ______ neurotransmitter.
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A depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin, and ______ in the central nervous system is believed to cause depression.
A depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin, and ______ in the central nervous system is believed to cause depression.
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Diseases associated with dopamine include Parkinson's disease and ______.
Diseases associated with dopamine include Parkinson's disease and ______.
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Study Notes
Behavioral Explanations of Camouflage
- Physiological Explanation: Links behavior to brain activity and physiological processes, influencing how organisms respond to their environment.
- Ontogenetic Explanation: Explains behavior development through nutrition, genes, experiences, and their interactions throughout an organism's life.
- Evolutionary Explanation: Examines how certain behaviors have evolved over time to improve chances of survival and reproduction.
- Functional Explanation: Addresses the purpose of behaviors, originating from internal drives, external rewards, conditioning, and social interactions.
Physiological Basis of Behavior
- Physiological Psychology: Studies responses of the body and how internal stimuli lead to action via mechanisms.
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Mechanisms of Response:
- Receiving Mechanisms: Detect environmental stimuli.
- Connecting Mechanisms: Integrate and process sensory information.
- Reacting Mechanisms: Execute responses based on processed information.
Nervous System Overview
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Role of the Nervous System:
- Monitors environmental changes.
- Processes sensory information.
- Manages bodily responses.
- Regulates mental activity.
- Maintains homeostasis.
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Structural Classification:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Comprises nerves outside of the CNS.
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Functional Classification:
- Sensory/Afferent division: Transmits sensory information to the CNS.
- Motor/Efferent division: Carries signals from the CNS to effectors in the body.
Components of the Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary muscular movements.
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Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions, sub-divided into:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares body for stress (fight or flight response).
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body post-stress, regulating normal functions.
Major Structures of the Brain
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Central Core (Old Brain): Includes brainstem and cerebellum; essential for basic life functions.
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Brainstem: Connects brain to spinal cord; maintains vital functions.
- Medulla: Regulates heart rate, blood circulation, and respiration.
- Pons: Coordinates movements and integrates signals between brain parts.
- Midbrain: Smallest part that handles crucial reflexes and motor functions.
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Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle movements, balance, and posture.
Limbic System
- Regulates emotions, learning, and memory.
- Vital for experiencing pleasure and emotional responses.
Glands and Hormones
- Endocrine Glands: Release hormones directly into the bloodstream; examples include the pituitary and adrenal glands.
- Pituitary Gland: Known as the master gland; regulates other glands and hormone secretion.
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Adrenal Glands:
- Adrenal Cortex: Releases hormones affecting stress response and energy management.
- Adrenal Medulla: Produces adrenaline; enhances physical responses to stress.
- Pancreas: Secretes insulin for blood sugar regulation; key in diabetes management.
Neurotransmitters
- Definition: Chemical messengers facilitating communication between neurons at synapses.
- Serotonin: Regulates mood and cognition; linked to depression when levels are low.
- Glutamate: Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter; crucial for normal brain functions including memory.
- Alcohol Effects: Enhances GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) effects, leading to sedative effects; impairs glutamate function, causing cognitive disruptions.
- Nicotine: Stimulates release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, linking to addiction.
Diseases Associated with Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine: Alzheimer's disease linked to its deficiency.
- Dopamine: Associated with Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
- GABA: Linked to epilepsy.
- Serotonin: Related to migraines, depression, and Attention Deficit Disorder.
- Glutamate: Implicated in migraines and strokes.
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Description
This quiz explores various explanations for animal behavior, specifically in the context of camouflage. It covers physiological, ontogenetic, and evolutionary perspectives, highlighting how these explanations help us understand behavioral adaptations. Dive into the intriguing ways species utilize behavior to survive in their environments.
