Animal and Plant Cells Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes prokaryotes?

  • They contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • They can form multicellular organisms.
  • They are simple, single-celled organisms. (correct)
  • They are generally larger than eukaryotes.

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

  • To convert stored energy into an easily usable form. (correct)
  • To collect and process materials for removal.
  • To transport materials such as proteins.
  • To store genetic information.

What role do vacuoles play in plant cells?

  • They assist in the conversion of energy.
  • They create proteins for the cell.
  • They maintain internal fluid pressure and store toxins. (correct)
  • They form the cell wall around the cell.

Which of the following statements is true about asexual reproduction?

<p>The offspring are exact genetic copies of the parent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the movement of water in and out of cells?

<p>Osmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in plant cells provides support and protection?

<p>Cell wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for processing materials for removal from the cell?

<p>Golgi Bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cell division in organisms?

<p>To repair damaged cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the centrosomes during metaphase?

<p>To release spindle fibers that attach to chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the unwinding of daughter chromosomes?

<p>Telophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes malignant cancer cells?

<p>They can form tumors and damage other cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can give rise to all cell types in the body, including placental cells?

<p>Totipotent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

<p>Small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily involved in immune response?

<p>White blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inhalation, which of the following occurs?

<p>The diaphragm contracts and flattens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes cancerous cells to form clusters called tumors?

<p>Rapid and uncontrolled cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which digestive enzyme begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

<p>Amylase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to red blood cells during gas exchange in the alveoli?

<p>They release carbon dioxide into the alveoli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cytokinesis, what physical change occurs to the cell membrane?

<p>It pinches inward to divide the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

<p>Promote clotting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the digestive system, what is the structure that stores and eliminates waste?

<p>Large intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma in the blood?

<p>To carry dissolved proteins, nutrients, and blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

<p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials are the bones predominantly made of?

<p>Bone cells and minerals like calcium and phosphorus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of ligaments?

<p>They hold bones together at the joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many true ribs are present in the human body?

<p>7 pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?

<p>They receive and transmit environmental information to the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes skeletal muscles?

<p>They are connected to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest and heaviest bone in the human body?

<p>Femur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bone in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>To provide support and protection to soft tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

<p>Epithelial muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many muscles work together for the complex movements of the hand and wrist?

<p>34 muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of veins compared to arteries?

<p>They have thinner walls and carry oxygen-poor blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hierarchy in biological systems is arranged from least to most complex?

<p>Cell -&gt; Tissue -&gt; Organ -&gt; Organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for connecting muscles to bones?

<p>Tendons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria like E. coli.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They can be single-celled (like amoeba) or multicellular (like plants and humans).

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance that fills a cell, containing organelles and allowing them to move around. It's mostly water, making it fluid and flexible.

Cell Membrane

A flexible, double-layered structure surrounding a cell. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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Nucleus

The cell's control center containing DNA, which directs all cell activities.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for converting stored energy into usable energy for the cell (the 'powerhouse' of the cell).

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving only one parent, producing offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, combining half of each parent's DNA to create genetically diverse offspring.

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What are sister chromatids?

Two identical strands of DNA that make up a chromosome, connected by a centromere.

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What happens during prophase?

DNA condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

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What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.

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What happens during anaphase?

Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart, creating daughter chromosomes that move to opposite sides of the cell.

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What happens during telophase?

Daughter chromosomes unwind, nuclear membranes form around them, and the cell membrane begins to pinch in.

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What is cytokinesis?

The division of the cytoplasm and cell membrane, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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What are the characteristics of cancerous cells?

Cancerous cells divide rapidly and uncontrollably, ignoring signals to stop growing.

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What is a tumor?

A mass of cancerous cells that can be benign (non-spreading) or malignant (spreading).

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What are the main ways to treat cancer?

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, each targeting the rapid cell division of cancerous cells.

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What is a stem cell?

A cell that can differentiate into any cell type in the body.

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What is the difference between a totipotent and pluripotent stem cell?

A totipotent stem cell can form all cell types, including those of the placenta, while a pluripotent stem cell can form all cells of the body except the placenta.

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What are some ethical concerns surrounding stem cell research?

Concerns include the destruction of embryos, issues of informed consent, and potential for misuse of the technology.

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What is the main function of the digestive system?

To break down food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb and use for energy and growth.

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What are the main functions of the mouth in the digestive process?

Mechanical digestion by chewing with teeth and chemical digestion by saliva containing amylase to break down carbohydrates.

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What is peristalsis?

The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of smooth muscles in the esophagus that move food down to the stomach.

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Plasma

The protein-rich liquid component of blood, making up over half its volume. It carries blood cells and helps transport nutrients, proteins, and other materials throughout the body.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Their walls are thicker to withstand the higher pressure of blood flow.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls because the blood pressure is lower.

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Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels, with very thin walls that allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

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Ligaments

Tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect bones at joints, providing stability and limiting movement.

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Cartilage

A smooth, flexible connective tissue found in areas like joints, ears, and nose. It cushions and supports bones, allowing for smooth movement.

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Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones, responsible for movement. It contracts and relaxes under conscious control.

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Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of organs like the stomach and intestines. It helps regulate organ function.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The control center of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It receives, processes, and sends signals throughout the body.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, carrying signals between the brain and spinal cord and the organs, muscles, and sensory receptors.

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Neurons

Specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals for communication. They are the building blocks of nerves.

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Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that detect stimuli from the environment, such as light, sound, or touch. They send this information to the brain for processing.

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Reflexes

Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli, controlled by the spinal cord without direct input from the brain. They help protect the body from harm.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers external surfaces, lines internal cavities and organs, and provides protection.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds, and connects other tissues, providing structure and support.

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Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue that allows for movement by contracting and relaxing. There are three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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Nerve Tissue

A type of tissue that transmits signals for communication and coordination, allowing the body to sense its environment and control its actions.

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Study Notes

Animal and Plant Cells

  • Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; simple, single-celled organisms (e.g., E. coli).
  • Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; can be single-celled (e.g., amoeba) or multicellular (e.g., plants, humans); much larger than prokaryotes.
  • Cytoplasm: A fluid, mostly water, that suspends organelles, allowing them to move within the cell and keeping them in position.
  • Cell Membrane: A flexible, double-layered membrane surrounding the cell, regulating what enters and exits.
  • Nucleus: Contains DNA (genetic information) controlling cell activities, stored on chromosomes.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; contains enzymes converting stored energy into usable form.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in transporting materials (e.g., proteins), hormone release in the brain, and muscle contraction.
  • Golgi Bodies: Process and package materials for removal from the cell, creating substances like mucus.
  • Vacuoles: Remove waste, maintain internal pressure (especially in plant cells), and store toxins.

Plant Cells Only

  • Cell Wall: Provides support and protection for the plant cell.
  • Vacuole: Maintains turgor pressure, keeping plant cells plump and leaves firm.
  • Chloroplasts: Capture light energy for photosynthesis.

Cell Division

  • Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are identical genetic copies.
  • Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents; offspring inherit characteristics from both.

Reasons for Cell Division

  • Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction.
  • Growth: Increased cell number leads to increased organism size.
  • Repair: Replacing damaged or dead cells.

Movement of Chemicals and Water

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

Cell Cycle/Mitosis

  • Phases of the Cell Cycle: A series of phases leading to cell division.
  • Mitosis (PMAT):
    • Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite poles.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Daughter chromosomes unwind, nuclear membranes form, cell membrane pinches.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, creating two identical daughter cells.

Cancerous Cells

  • What they are: Uncontrolled rapid cell division.
  • Types: Benign (usually removable) and malignant (spreads).
  • Causes: Disregard of stop-growth signals.
  • Danger: Damage/destroy other cells and metastasis (spread to other parts).
  • Diagnosis/Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation.

Stem Cells

  • What they are: Cells with the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.
  • Types: Totipotent (all cell types), Pluripotent (all cell types except placenta), Multipotent (limited cell types).
  • Uses/Importance: Medical research.
  • Ethical dilemmas: Embryonic destruction, informed consent, potential for abuse.

Digestive System

  • Functions of major organs involved:
    • Mouth: Mechanical (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva with amylase).
    • Esophagus: Peristalsis (muscle contractions).
    • Stomach: Mechanical churning and chemical digestion (acids and enzymes).
    • Small Intestine: Nutrient absorption.
    • Large Intestine: Water and mineral absorption.
    • Rectum/Anus: Storage and elimination of waste.
  • Digestive enzymes: Enzymes in saliva and pancreas breaking down food molecules.

Respiratory System

  • Passageways of air: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
  • Gas Exchange: Oxygen diffuses into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses out.
  • Mechanics of Inhalation/Exhalation: Diaphragm movement changes lung volume.

Circulatory System

  • Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
  • Composition:
    • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen; contain hemoglobin.
    • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infections.
    • Platelets: Cause blood clotting.
    • Plasma: Liquid component carrying blood cells and other substances.
  • Blood Vessels: Arteries (carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart), veins (carry oxygen-poor blood toward the heart), capillaries (thin walls for gas and nutrient exchange).

Musculoskeletal System

  • Structural Features: Bones, ligaments, cartilage, muscles.
  • Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage.
  • Number of bones in skull: 22
  • Upper/Lower jaw bones: Mandible (lower), maxilla (upper)
  • Number of true ribs: 7 pairs
  • Other ribs: False/floating ribs (8-10).
  • Number of bones in hand: 27
  • Longest/Heaviest bone: Femur
  • Knee ligaments preventing forward movement: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • Muscles : Frontalis muscle (eyebrow movement), Orbicularis oculi muscle (eye closure), Orbicularis oris muscle (kissing). (other muscles for hand/wrist movement listed in section)

Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves connecting CNS to body.
  • Three divisions of nerves: Voluntary, sensory, and involuntary.
  • Neurons: Specialized cells transmitting electrical signals.
  • Sensory receptors: Receive external information (e.g., light, sound, touch)

Hierarchy of Structure in Animals

  • Organization of tissues: Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
  • Types of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve tissues (functions/examples).

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Test your knowledge about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, along with their structures and functions. This quiz will cover key cell components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and cell membrane. Understand the roles these organelles play in maintaining cellular activities.

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