Animal and Plant Cells Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes prokaryotes?

  • They contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • They can form multicellular organisms.
  • They are simple, single-celled organisms. (correct)
  • They are generally larger than eukaryotes.

    • What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

  • To convert stored energy into an easily usable form. (correct)
  • To collect and process materials for removal.
  • To transport materials such as proteins.
  • To store genetic information.

    • What role do vacuoles play in plant cells?

  • They assist in the conversion of energy.
  • They create proteins for the cell.
  • They maintain internal fluid pressure and store toxins. (correct)
  • They form the cell wall around the cell.

    • Which of the following statements is true about asexual reproduction?

    <p>The offspring are exact genetic copies of the parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the movement of water in and out of cells?

    <p>Osmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in plant cells provides support and protection?

    <p>Cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for processing materials for removal from the cell?

    <p>Golgi Bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of cell division in organisms?

    <p>To repair damaged cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the centrosomes during metaphase?

    <p>To release spindle fibers that attach to chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the cell cycle involves the unwinding of daughter chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes malignant cancer cells?

    <p>They can form tumors and damage other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell can give rise to all cell types in the body, including placental cells?

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is primarily involved in immune response?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, which of the following occurs?

    <p>The diaphragm contracts and flattens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cancerous cells to form clusters called tumors?

    <p>Rapid and uncontrolled cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive enzyme begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells during gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>They release carbon dioxide into the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cytokinesis, what physical change occurs to the cell membrane?

    <p>It pinches inward to divide the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Promote clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the digestive system, what is the structure that stores and eliminates waste?

    <p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma in the blood?

    <p>To carry dissolved proteins, nutrients, and blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials are the bones predominantly made of?

    <p>Bone cells and minerals like calcium and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the function of ligaments?

    <p>They hold bones together at the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many true ribs are present in the human body?

    <p>7 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?

    <p>They receive and transmit environmental information to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes skeletal muscles?

    <p>They are connected to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longest and heaviest bone in the human body?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bone in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>To provide support and protection to soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

    <p>Epithelial muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many muscles work together for the complex movements of the hand and wrist?

    <p>34 muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of veins compared to arteries?

    <p>They have thinner walls and carry oxygen-poor blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hierarchy in biological systems is arranged from least to most complex?

    <p>Cell -&gt; Tissue -&gt; Organ -&gt; Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for connecting muscles to bones?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal and Plant Cells

    • Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; simple, single-celled organisms (e.g., E. coli).
    • Eukaryotes: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; can be single-celled (e.g., amoeba) or multicellular (e.g., plants, humans); much larger than prokaryotes.
    • Cytoplasm: A fluid, mostly water, that suspends organelles, allowing them to move within the cell and keeping them in position.
    • Cell Membrane: A flexible, double-layered membrane surrounding the cell, regulating what enters and exits.
    • Nucleus: Contains DNA (genetic information) controlling cell activities, stored on chromosomes.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; contains enzymes converting stored energy into usable form.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in transporting materials (e.g., proteins), hormone release in the brain, and muscle contraction.
    • Golgi Bodies: Process and package materials for removal from the cell, creating substances like mucus.
    • Vacuoles: Remove waste, maintain internal pressure (especially in plant cells), and store toxins.

    Plant Cells Only

    • Cell Wall: Provides support and protection for the plant cell.
    • Vacuole: Maintains turgor pressure, keeping plant cells plump and leaves firm.
    • Chloroplasts: Capture light energy for photosynthesis.

    Cell Division

    • Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent; offspring are identical genetic copies.
    • Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents; offspring inherit characteristics from both.

    Reasons for Cell Division

    • Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction.
    • Growth: Increased cell number leads to increased organism size.
    • Repair: Replacing damaged or dead cells.

    Movement of Chemicals and Water

    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration.

    Cell Cycle/Mitosis

    • Phases of the Cell Cycle: A series of phases leading to cell division.
    • Mitosis (PMAT):
      • Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite poles.
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
      • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.
      • Telophase: Daughter chromosomes unwind, nuclear membranes form, cell membrane pinches.
    • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, creating two identical daughter cells.

    Cancerous Cells

    • What they are: Uncontrolled rapid cell division.
    • Types: Benign (usually removable) and malignant (spreads).
    • Causes: Disregard of stop-growth signals.
    • Danger: Damage/destroy other cells and metastasis (spread to other parts).
    • Diagnosis/Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation.

    Stem Cells

    • What they are: Cells with the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.
    • Types: Totipotent (all cell types), Pluripotent (all cell types except placenta), Multipotent (limited cell types).
    • Uses/Importance: Medical research.
    • Ethical dilemmas: Embryonic destruction, informed consent, potential for abuse.

    Digestive System

    • Functions of major organs involved:
      • Mouth: Mechanical (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva with amylase).
      • Esophagus: Peristalsis (muscle contractions).
      • Stomach: Mechanical churning and chemical digestion (acids and enzymes).
      • Small Intestine: Nutrient absorption.
      • Large Intestine: Water and mineral absorption.
      • Rectum/Anus: Storage and elimination of waste.
    • Digestive enzymes: Enzymes in saliva and pancreas breaking down food molecules.

    Respiratory System

    • Passageways of air: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
    • Gas Exchange: Oxygen diffuses into capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses out.
    • Mechanics of Inhalation/Exhalation: Diaphragm movement changes lung volume.

    Circulatory System

    • Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
    • Composition:
      • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen; contain hemoglobin.
      • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infections.
      • Platelets: Cause blood clotting.
      • Plasma: Liquid component carrying blood cells and other substances.
    • Blood Vessels: Arteries (carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart), veins (carry oxygen-poor blood toward the heart), capillaries (thin walls for gas and nutrient exchange).

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Structural Features: Bones, ligaments, cartilage, muscles.
    • Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage.
    • Number of bones in skull: 22
    • Upper/Lower jaw bones: Mandible (lower), maxilla (upper)
    • Number of true ribs: 7 pairs
    • Other ribs: False/floating ribs (8-10).
    • Number of bones in hand: 27
    • Longest/Heaviest bone: Femur
    • Knee ligaments preventing forward movement: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
    • Muscles : Frontalis muscle (eyebrow movement), Orbicularis oculi muscle (eye closure), Orbicularis oris muscle (kissing). (other muscles for hand/wrist movement listed in section)

    Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves connecting CNS to body.
    • Three divisions of nerves: Voluntary, sensory, and involuntary.
    • Neurons: Specialized cells transmitting electrical signals.
    • Sensory receptors: Receive external information (e.g., light, sound, touch)

    Hierarchy of Structure in Animals

    • Organization of tissues: Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
    • Types of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve tissues (functions/examples).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, along with their structures and functions. This quiz will cover key cell components such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and cell membrane. Understand the roles these organelles play in maintaining cellular activities.

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