Animal and Human Transport Systems

• Transport is essential for moving fluids and nutrients throughout organisms.
• Transport mechanisms in animals vary based on size, complexity, and habitat.

Animal Transport Systems

• Open circulatory systems pump blood into a cavity called the hemocoel, so the blood is not enclosed in vessels.
• Closed circulatory systems keep blood inside vessels, circulating from the heart, through the body, and back to the heart.

Human Transport System

• In humans, the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) supports the respiratory system by transporting blood to and from the lungs.
• The circulatory system delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues and organs, and removes carbon dioxide and wastes.

Parts of the Circulatory System

Heart

• The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
• A normal adult heart beats 60-100 times per minute, pumping about 5.5 liters of blood.

Parts of the Heart

• Endocardium: Lines the inner chambers and valves, creating a non-adhesive surface for efficient blood flow, preventing clotting and allowing smooth valve function.
• Pericardium: Lines the outer chambers, a fluid-filled sac protecting the heart, preventing over-expansion.

Chambers of the Heart

• Atrium: The two upper chambers that receive and collect blood.
  • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
  • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and empties it into the left ventricle.
• Ventricles: The two lower chambers that pump blood out.
  • Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Valves of the Heart

• Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, controls blood flow and prevents backflow.
• Pulmonary Valve: Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, allows deoxygenated blood to flow to the lungs and prevents backflow.
• Mitral Valve: Located between the left atrium and left ventricle, regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
• Aortic Valve: Located between the left ventricle and aorta, prevents oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body's cells.
• Veins: Collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to the heart.

Blood Components

• Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen from the lungs and transport carbon dioxide back, using hemoglobin.
• White Blood Cells: Fight viruses, bacteria, and foreign invaders.
• Plasma: Transports nutrients, hormones, and proteins; removes waste.
• Platelets: Prevent and stop bleeding.

Transport in Plants

Xylem

• Transports water from roots to leaves/shoots for photosynthesis via passive transport.
• Delivers dissolved minerals and growth factors to cells.
• Passive transport moves substances from high to low concentration without energy.

Phloem

• Distributes organic nutrients.
• Serves as a pathway for signaling molecules.
• Provides structural support.
• Composed of sieve elements, parenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

Modes of Nutrition

Autotrophic Nutrition

• Organisms (autotrophs) make their own food.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Organisms (heterotrophs) cannot make their own food.

Types of Autotrophic Nutrition

• Photoautotrophic Nutrition: Uses sunlight for photosynthesis with carbon dioxide and water.
• Chemoautotrophic Nutrition: Uses chemicals as an energy source (chemosynthesis), rather than sunlight.

Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Parasitic Organisms: Parasites feed on other organisms (hosts), often harming them.
• Saprophytic Organisms: Feed on dead and decaying organic matter.
• Holozoic Organisms: Ingest food and undergo digestion.

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

• Converts glucose into pyruvate.
• Releases energy to form ATP and NADH.
• End products: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP molecules, and 2 NADH.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

• Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the mitochondrial matrix.
• Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
• Coenzymes are reduced, generating ATP in the electron transport chain.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• End products include ATP, NAD+, FAD, and water.