Questions and Answers
The opening where the renal artery and renal vein enter and leave the kidney is called the:
Hilum
Urine is expelled from the body through the:
Urethra
The filtering units found in the kidneys that are responsible for urine formation are called:
Nephrons
In the process of urine formation, filtration takes place in the:
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The kidneys secrete erythropoietin to stimulate the production of:
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The renal corpuscle is composed of capillaries known as the:
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Waste products are transported to the kidneys via the:
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The renal pelvis is:
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Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?
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After wastes are removed, blood leaves the kidney by way of the:
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Reabsorption in the nephron occurs in the:
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The renal corpuscle is composed of the funnel-shaped end of the renal tubule and the:
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Waste filtered by the kidney includes:
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The area at the base of the bladder delineated by the urethra and the ureters is called the:
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In a frontal section of the kidney, the outer layer is the:
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The combining form (CF) py/o means:
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The CF vesic/o means:
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The CF lith/o means:
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The CF olig/o means:
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The CF noct/o means:
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The CF azot/o means:
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The CF kal/i means:
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The CF urethr/o means:
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The CF pyel/o means:
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The CF glomerul/o means:
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The CF ren/o means:
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The suffix -uria means:
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The prefix retro- means:
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The suffix -genesis means:
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The prefix dia- means:
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The loss of large amounts of plasma protein in urine, causing systemic edema, is called:
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Which term means blood in the urine?
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Solidified protein fragments, shaped like the tubules in which they form, are called:
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An abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another is called a(n):
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The condition in which excess amounts of urea, creatinine, and uric acid build up in the blood is called:
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Wilms tumor is a rapidly developing tumor of the kidney found especially in children.
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Anuria is the failure of the kidneys to produce urine.
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Two major causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) are ischemia and nephrotoxic injury.
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Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another is a fissure.
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Involuntary discharge of urine is called nocturia.
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The backflow of urine into the renal pelvis causes an expansion of the renal pelvis.
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Scanty output of urine is called oliguria.
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An increased blood level of calcium is called hypercalcemia.
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Loss of excessive amounts of protein, resulting in systemic edema, is a characteristic of pyelonephritis.
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Hemodialysis is a method of removing waste substances from the blood by shunting it from the body to an artificial kidney.
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Ureteroscopic stone removal is an alternative to ESWL when stones are large or lithotripsy is not recommended.
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The surgical treatment for a floating kidney is nephropexy.
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Besides providing for urine drainage, nephrostomy may provide access to the kidney for various treatments.
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Indwelling stents provide a safe, long-term treatment for urinary obstruction because they require very little follow-up treatment.
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Electromyography is used primarily to measure bladder contraction.
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Study Notes
Kidney Anatomy and Functions
- Hilum: The entry point for the renal artery and exit for the renal vein in the kidney.
- Nephrons: Functional filtering units in kidneys responsible for urine formation.
- Renal Corpuscle: Structure where urine filtration occurs, composed of the glomerulus and a funnel-shaped renal tubule end.
- Renal Pelvis: Section that acts as an extension of the ureter.
- Erythropoietin: Hormone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.
- Trigone: Area at the base of the bladder delineated by the urethra and ureters.
Kidney-Related Conditions and Terms
- Azotemia: Condition characterized by an excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood.
- Nephrotic Syndrome: Loss of large amounts of plasma protein in urine, leading to systemic edema.
- Hematuria: Presence of blood in urine.
- Cystocele: Condition where the bladder herniates into the vagina.
- Urolithiasis: Presence of calculi (stones) in any urinary structure.
- Hydronephrosis: Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis due to urine accumulation from obstruction.
Urinary Disorders and Symptoms
- Enuresis: Inability to control urination; also known as incontinence.
- Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
- Polyuria: Excessive urination.
- Oliguria: Scanty urine output.
- Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder.
- Pyuria: Presence of pus cells in urine.
Diagnostic Procedures
- Urinalysis: Comprehensive evaluation of a urine specimen including physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis.
- Cystoscopy: Visual examination of the bladder for evidence of disease, obtaining biopsies, and removing tissue.
- Renal Nuclear Scan: Test to assess kidney function using a radioactive tracer.
- Voiding Cystourethrography: Radiological examination of the bladder and urethra during urination with contrast medium.
- Bladder Ultrasonography: Imaging technique to assess bladder volume and identify incomplete emptying.
Surgical and Treatment Procedures
- Nephropexy: Surgical fixation of a floating or movable kidney.
- Lithotripsy: Procedure that crushes stones in the urinary tract.
- Nephrostomy: Creation of a passage into the renal pelvis to drain urine externally.
- Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the bladder.
- Ureteral Stent Placement: Insertion of a tube to treat urine flow obstruction.
Medications and Therapies
- Diuretics: Agents that promote urine excretion.
- Antibiotics: Medications used to treat recurrent cystitis, targeting bacterial infections.
- Antispasmodics: Medications that relieve overactive bladder symptoms.
Important Abbreviations
- BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen, commonly used to evaluate kidney function.
- ESRD: End-Stage Renal Disease, indicating chronic renal failure.
- UA: Urinalysis.
- C&S: Culture and Sensitivity test to identify infective organisms and appropriate antibiotics.
- IVP: Intravenous Pyelogram, radiographic examination of the urinary tract post-contrast injection.
Key Facts
- Wilms tumor is a malignant kidney tumor predominantly found in children.
- Diabetes and hypertension are the primary causes of end-stage renal disease.
- High-frequency sound waves from bladder ultrasonography help visualize and assess bladder conditions.
- Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are methods to remove waste from the body when kidneys fail.
- Loss of excessive protein in urine is indicative of conditions like nephrotic syndrome, not pyelonephritis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on kidney anatomy, functions, and related conditions with this informative quiz. Explore key concepts like nephrons, renal corpuscle structure, and common kidney-related conditions. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals alike.
