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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory tract?
The nasal cavity filters dust particles from the air using cilia lining the mucous membrane.
How do the alveoli facilitate efficient gas exchange?
How do the alveoli facilitate efficient gas exchange?
The alveoli have a large surface area and are lined with thin, moist squamous epithelium cells to allow for efficient diffusion of gases.
What structural components make up hemoglobin?
What structural components make up hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits of conjugated protein.
Describe the role of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli.
Describe the role of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli.
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What is the difference between inhalation and exhalation?
What is the difference between inhalation and exhalation?
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Explain the significance of cilia in the trachea.
Explain the significance of cilia in the trachea.
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What generates the steep concentration gradient for gas exchange in the alveoli?
What generates the steep concentration gradient for gas exchange in the alveoli?
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What is the function of the larynx in the human respiratory system?
What is the function of the larynx in the human respiratory system?
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What is the significance of the sigmoid shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What is the significance of the sigmoid shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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How does myoglobin differ from hemoglobin in terms of oxygen affinity?
How does myoglobin differ from hemoglobin in terms of oxygen affinity?
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Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide transport.
Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide transport.
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What happens to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin as the partial pressure of oxygen increases?
What happens to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin as the partial pressure of oxygen increases?
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Describe the chloride shift and its purpose in the transportation of carbon dioxide.
Describe the chloride shift and its purpose in the transportation of carbon dioxide.
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Which form of carbon dioxide transport constitutes the majority in plasma?
Which form of carbon dioxide transport constitutes the majority in plasma?
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How is carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin, and what is this compound called?
How is carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin, and what is this compound called?
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What factors influence the transport of oxygen in the blood?
What factors influence the transport of oxygen in the blood?
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Study Notes
Animal Anatomy and Physiology - Respiration
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Learning Outcomes
- Describe the respiratory tract of humans and the air pathway to the lungs.
- Describe the structure and characteristics of hemoglobin.
- Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
- Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
- Compare inhalation and exhalation.
Respiratory Tract of Humans
- A transport system connects respiratory organs for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
- Air enters the environment through the nose.
- The nasal cavity filters dust particles using cilia lining the mucous membrane, removing them as mucus.
- Airway structures include the nasal cavity, nostrils, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left main bronchus, right and left lung, and diaphragm.
Pharynx (Throat)
- Receives air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.
Larynx (Voice Box)
- Protects the lower respiratory tract by preventing food from entering the trachea.
Trachea (Windpipe)
- Surrounded by protective cartilaginous rings.
- Lined with mucosa tissue containing goblet cells that produce mucus.
Lungs
- Contain three right lobes and two left lobes.
- right superior lobe
- right middle lobe
- right inferior lobe
- left superior lobe
- left inferior lobe
Bronchus and Bronchioles
- Contain epithelial cells secreting mucus to trap bacteria and airborne particles.
- Cilia sweep mucus upwards for removal.
Alveoli
- Have a large surface area for efficient gas diffusion simultaneously.
- Lined with thin and moist squamous epithelium cells.
- Surrounded by blood capillaries. Oxygen in alveoli and carbon dioxide in capillaries create a concentration gradient for gaseous exchange.
- Contain surfactant to prevent lung collapse or over-inflation.
- Phagocytes are present to kill bacteria.
Pulmonary Surfactant
- A complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins.
- Reduces surface tension at the alveolar air interface, preventing atelectasis (lung collapse).
Boyle's Law
- Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional, assuming constant temperature and mass.
- Higher pressure results in lower volume.
- Lower pressure results in higher volume.
Law of Laplace
- Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius of an alveolus.
- Smaller alveoli are at greater risk of collapse without surfactant.
Functions of Surfactants
- Reduce surface tension preventing atelectasis.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
- The respiratory pigment in red blood cells.
- Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Made up of four subunits of a conjugated protein.
- heme (iron) group
- globin
Oxygen Transport
- 95% is transported as oxyhemoglobin.
- 5% is dissolved in blood plasma.
- Affected by carbon dioxide concentration, pH, and temperature.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- 70% is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻).
- 23% is bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin).
- 7% is dissolved in blood plasma.
- through the carbonic anhydrase process.
Controlling Breath
- Inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the respiratory centre and diaphragm and intercostal muscles, influenced by stretch receptors.
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
- A sigmoid curve representing oxygen saturation in hemoglobin.
- Oxygen partial pressure affects oxygen binding (loading/unloading).
- High Po2 indicates high saturation (more oxygen bound).
- Low Po2 indicates low saturation (less oxygen bound).
Myoglobin
- Myoglobin binds oxygen tighter than hemoglobin at low po2. Myoglobin is primarily found in muscle tissues.
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Description
This quiz explores the respiratory system of humans, detailing the pathway of air to the lungs and the vital role of hemoglobin in gas transport. It covers the functions of the pharynx and larynx and compares the processes of inhalation and exhalation. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts.
