Animal Anatomy and Physiology - Respiration
16 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the respiratory tract?

The nasal cavity filters dust particles from the air using cilia lining the mucous membrane.

How do the alveoli facilitate efficient gas exchange?

The alveoli have a large surface area and are lined with thin, moist squamous epithelium cells to allow for efficient diffusion of gases.

What structural components make up hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits of conjugated protein.

Describe the role of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli.

<p>Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension at the alveolar air interface, preventing the lungs from collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between inhalation and exhalation?

<p>Inhalation involves the intake of oxygen-rich air into the lungs, whereas exhalation is the process of expelling carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of cilia in the trachea.

<p>Cilia in the trachea sweep mucus, which traps bacteria and airborne particles, upwards for removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generates the steep concentration gradient for gas exchange in the alveoli?

<p>The steep concentration gradient for gas exchange is generated by oxygen in the alveoli and carbon dioxide in the surrounding capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the larynx in the human respiratory system?

<p>The larynx protects the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sigmoid shape of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

<p>The sigmoid shape allows for greater oxygen release at tissues under varying oxygen partial pressures, enhancing oxygen transport efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does myoglobin differ from hemoglobin in terms of oxygen affinity?

<p>Myoglobin exhibits a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin, allowing it to pick up oxygen more efficiently at low partial pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide transport.

<p>Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, facilitating CO2 transport as HCO3- in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin as the partial pressure of oxygen increases?

<p>As partial pressure of oxygen increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen also increases, approaching 100% at around 100 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the chloride shift and its purpose in the transportation of carbon dioxide.

<p>The chloride shift involves the exchange of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and chloride ions (Cl-) across the erythrocyte membrane to maintain electrical neutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of carbon dioxide transport constitutes the majority in plasma?

<p>Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin, and what is this compound called?

<p>Carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the transport of oxygen in the blood?

<p>Transport of oxygen is influenced by the concentration of carbon dioxide, pH levels, and temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal Anatomy and Physiology - Respiration

  • Learning Outcomes
    • Describe the respiratory tract of humans and the air pathway to the lungs.
    • Describe the structure and characteristics of hemoglobin.
    • Explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
    • Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
    • Compare inhalation and exhalation.

Respiratory Tract of Humans

  • A transport system connects respiratory organs for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
  • Air enters the environment through the nose.
  • The nasal cavity filters dust particles using cilia lining the mucous membrane, removing them as mucus.
  • Airway structures include the nasal cavity, nostrils, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left main bronchus, right and left lung, and diaphragm.

Pharynx (Throat)

  • Receives air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Protects the lower respiratory tract by preventing food from entering the trachea.

Trachea (Windpipe)

  • Surrounded by protective cartilaginous rings.
  • Lined with mucosa tissue containing goblet cells that produce mucus.

Lungs

  • Contain three right lobes and two left lobes.
    • right superior lobe
    • right middle lobe
    • right inferior lobe
    • left superior lobe
    • left inferior lobe

Bronchus and Bronchioles

  • Contain epithelial cells secreting mucus to trap bacteria and airborne particles.
  • Cilia sweep mucus upwards for removal.

Alveoli

  • Have a large surface area for efficient gas diffusion simultaneously.
  • Lined with thin and moist squamous epithelium cells.
  • Surrounded by blood capillaries. Oxygen in alveoli and carbon dioxide in capillaries create a concentration gradient for gaseous exchange.
  • Contain surfactant to prevent lung collapse or over-inflation.
  • Phagocytes are present to kill bacteria.

Pulmonary Surfactant

  • A complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins.
  • Reduces surface tension at the alveolar air interface, preventing atelectasis (lung collapse).

Boyle's Law

  • Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional, assuming constant temperature and mass.
    • Higher pressure results in lower volume.
    • Lower pressure results in higher volume.

Law of Laplace

  • Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius of an alveolus.
    • Smaller alveoli are at greater risk of collapse without surfactant.

Functions of Surfactants

  • Reduce surface tension preventing atelectasis.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

  • The respiratory pigment in red blood cells.
  • Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Made up of four subunits of a conjugated protein.
    • heme (iron) group
    • globin

Oxygen Transport

  • 95% is transported as oxyhemoglobin.
  • 5% is dissolved in blood plasma.
  • Affected by carbon dioxide concentration, pH, and temperature.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

  • 70% is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻).
  • 23% is bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin).
  • 7% is dissolved in blood plasma.
    • through the carbonic anhydrase process.

Controlling Breath

  • Inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the respiratory centre and diaphragm and intercostal muscles, influenced by stretch receptors.

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

  • A sigmoid curve representing oxygen saturation in hemoglobin.
  • Oxygen partial pressure affects oxygen binding (loading/unloading).
    • High Po2 indicates high saturation (more oxygen bound).
    • Low Po2 indicates low saturation (less oxygen bound).

Myoglobin

  • Myoglobin binds oxygen tighter than hemoglobin at low po2. Myoglobin is primarily found in muscle tissues.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Animal Anatomy and Physiology - Respiration 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the respiratory system of humans, detailing the pathway of air to the lungs and the vital role of hemoglobin in gas transport. It covers the functions of the pharynx and larynx and compares the processes of inhalation and exhalation. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser