Angiosperms and Plant Parts Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of angiosperms?

  • They are characterized by open seeds in their fruit.
  • They exclusively rely on wind for pollination.
  • They possess an ovarium to protect the ovule. (correct)
  • They include only herbaceous plants.

What type of pollen grain aperture is considered more primitive?

  • Fissures (colpi) (correct)
  • Margo
  • Annulus
  • Pores

During which geological period did angiosperms become notably abundant according to fossil records?

  • Early Cretaceous period (correct)
  • Triassic period
  • Jurassic period
  • Paleocene epoch

Which method of pollination is NOT mentioned as a means for angiosperms?

<p>Bats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a bracteate flower?

<p>Mustard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the anatomy of pollen grains?

<p>Exine thickness can vary around apertures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes ebracteate flowers from bracteate flowers?

<p>Absence of bracts at the base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the pores in pollen grains differentiates them from colpi?

<p>Pores are usually isodiametric with rounded ends. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a union of two floral organs represented in a floral formula?

<p>By drawing an arrow from one symbol to another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a zero ('0') represent in a floral formula?

<p>An organ that is absent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a bilabiate structure, how are the number of parts displayed?

<p>Broken into two figures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the horizontal line indicate in a floral formula?

<p>The position of the ovary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbol represents the calyx in a floral formula?

<p>K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which representation is used for a condition where the number of floral organs exceeds ten?

<p>Using the mark of infinity (∞) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to indicate adnation of members of different whorls?

<p>A curved line joining symbols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general flower formula for monocotyledons?

<p>P3+3 A3+3 G(3) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typical of monocotyledons?

<p>Presence of cambium in the stem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollination primarily occurs in monocotyledons?

<p>Entomogamous pollination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits distinguishes dicotyledons from monocotyledons?

<p>Two cotyledons in the embryo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the leaves of monocotyledons?

<p>Leaves are simple, sessile, linear, with parallel veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant families falls under the order Poales?

<p>Gramineae (Poaceae) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In monocotyledons, how many members are typically found in the androecium?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about geophytes is true?

<p>Geophytes have bulbs or tubers for nutrient storage underground (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a colporate pollen grain?

<p>Having both pores and colpi in the same aperture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix is used to denote a pollen grain with five apertures?

<p>penta- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flower can be defined by its ability to be divided into equal parts by multiple lines through its center?

<p>Actinomorphic flower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a floral formula that reads A5+5+5 indicate?

<p>Three whorls of five separate stamens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symmetry describes flowers with no multiple planes of symmetry?

<p>Asymmetrical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pantoporate' refer to in pollen classification?

<p>More than three pores distributed over the entire surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes caryopsis?

<p>It is a monocarpellate fruit that does not open at maturity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the floral formula convention 'K(5)' signify?

<p>Five united sepals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flower is defined by its division into two equal mirror-image parts through a single line?

<p>Zygomorphic flower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the wheat plant is rich in vitamins E and B group?

<p>Wheat germ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does NOT describe Triticum sativum (wheat)?

<p>It is a perennial plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence for individuals with Celiac disease when consuming gluten?

<p>Immune system damage to their small intestines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following grains is NOT part of the gluten family?

<p>Rice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflorescence does Triticum sativum have?

<p>A dense spike (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Oryza sativa (rice) compare to Triticum sativum (wheat) in terms of protein content?

<p>Rice has lower protein content than wheat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical arrangement of spikelets on a panicle?

<p>On a branched axis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant produces Rhizoma Graminis, known for its diuretic properties?

<p>Agropyron repens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Amylum Maydis obtained from Zea mays?

<p>As a source of calories in food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is noted for being rich in phenolic compounds that act as antioxidants?

<p>Sorghum bicolor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compound primarily gives Cymbopogon citratus its lemon aroma?

<p>Citral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following grains is gluten-free and traditionally used to create products like pancakes and porridge in India?

<p>Sorghum bicolor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main dietary benefit of oleum Maydis derived from Zea mays?

<p>It contains unsaturated fatty acids that regulate blood cholesterol levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Cymbopogon species is specifically noted for producing Palma-rosa essence that contains geraniol?

<p>Cymbopogon martini (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base material used for the formulation of tablets that is derived from rice?

<p>Amylum Oryzae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a key feature of Angiosperms?

Angiosperms have seeds enclosed within a protective structure called an ovary.

How are Angiosperms pollinated?

Pollination in angiosperms can occur through various means: insects, birds, wind, or water.

What are the different types of Angiosperms?

Angiosperms come in diverse forms: herbs, trees, and shrubs.

What is a bracteate flower?

A bracteate flower has a small, leaf-like structure called a bract at the base of its stalk.

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What is an ebracteate flower?

An ebracteate flower lacks the bract structure found in bracteate flowers.

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What is a pollen grain aperture?

An aperture is an opening or thin spot in the outer layer of a pollen grain, allowing for germination.

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What are colpi?

Colpi are elongated, pointed openings in pollen grains.

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What are pores?

Pores are rounded or slightly elongated openings in pollen grains.

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Pollen Grain Types: Porate, Colpate, Colporate

Pollen grains with pores are called porate, those with colpi are colpate. If both pore and colpus are present, the pollen grain is colporate.

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Pollen Aperture Number

The number of apertures (openings) is indicated by prefixes like mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and poly-. For example, a pollen grain with two pores would be 'diporate'.

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Regular vs. Scattered Apertures

Pollen grains with three or more regularly spaced apertures are called zonoporate/zonocolpate if they're around the edge or equator, or pantoporate/pantocolpate if the apertures are over the entire surface.

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Zygomorphic Flowers

A flower having one plane of symmetry that divides it into two mirror images is called zygomorphic. Examples: peas, orchids, and snapdragons.

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Actinomorphic Flowers

A flower that can be divided into two equal parts by any plane through its center is called actinomorphic. Examples: lilies, roses, and buttercups.

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Flower Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Bilateral, Radial

Asymmetrical flowers lack any plane of symmetry. Bilateral flowers have one plane of symmetry, and radial flowers have multiple. If a flower has two planes of symmetry perpendicular to each other, it's bisymmetrical.

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Floral Formula: What It Represents

A floral formula is a symbolic representation of a flower's parts using letters and numbers. It describes the symmetry, sexuality, and interrelationship of the parts.

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Floral Formula: Symbol and Numbers

In a floral formula, a number after a symbol represents the number of parts in that whorl. For example, K5 indicates five free sepals. A bracketed number, like K(5), shows that the parts are united.

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Monocotyledon

A plant with one seed leaf.

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Cotyledon

The first leaf in a plant embryo.

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Annual plants

Plants that live for a single growing season.

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Perennial plants

Plants that live for more than two years.

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Geophyte

A plant with a specialized underground storage organ.

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Vascular bundle arrangement

The arrangement of vascular bundles in a stem.

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Secondary growth

The production of new vascular tissue in plants.

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Calyx

A structure that protects the flower bud.

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Floral Formula

Representation of a flower's structure using symbols and numbers.

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Floral Diagram

A diagram representing a cross-section of a flower bud.

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Connation

Fusion of two or more organs of the same type (e.g., petals joining to form a tube).

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Adnation

Fusion of organs from different whorls (e.g., stamens fusing to petals).

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Actinomorphic

A flower with radial symmetry (can be divided into two equal halves by any plane passing through the center).

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Zygomorphic

A flower with bilateral symmetry (can be divided into two equal halves by only one plane).

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Superior Ovary

Ovary situated above the point of attachment of floral parts.

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Half Inferior Ovary

Ovary partially embedded in the receptacle, with floral parts attached above it.

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What is Amylum Oryzae?

A type of starch obtained from rice, commonly used in food and tablet formulation.

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What is Stylus Maydis?

A diuretic drug obtained from corn.

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What is Amylum Maydis?

Starch obtained from corn, used similarly to Amylum Oryzae.

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What is Zein?

Protein found in corn grains, used in tablet coating.

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What is Dextrin?

A substance obtained from corn, useful as an adhesive.

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What is Oleum Maydis?

Oil extracted from corn, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, beneficial for cholesterol levels.

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What is Sorghum bicolor?

A flowering plant belonging to the grass family, known for its gluten-free flour.

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What is Rhizoma Graminis?

A diuretic drug obtained from the roots of Couch Grass.

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What is a spike of spikelets?

A spike of spikelets is a dense cluster of spiklets directly attached to the main axis of the inflorescence, as seen in wheat.

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What is a panicle of spikelets?

A panicle of spikelets is a branched arrangement of spiklets on a central axis, similar to a loose cluster, as observed in oats.

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What are the main structures protecting the grass flower?

The floret, or flower, in grasses is protected by two bracts called palea and lemma. The lemma can have bristle-like extensions called awns.

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Describe the characteristic features of a grass flower.

Grass flowers can be unisexual (male or female) or hermaphrodite (having both sexes). They are typically zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and have their floral parts attached below the ovary (hypogynous).

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What is the perianth of a grass flower composed of?

The perianth in grass flowers is represented by two or three small, scale-like structures called lodicules.

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Describe the androecium of a grass flower.

Grass flowers typically have 3 stamens, though the number can vary. The anthers are versatile, meaning they can swivel freely.

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Describe the gynoecium of a grass flower.

The gynoecium of a grass flower consists of a single carpel (monocarpillary), forming a single locule with a superior ovary. The stigma is usually feathery and divided into two branches, and placentation is basal.

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What is a caryopsis?

A caryopsis is a dry, single-seeded fruit that doesn't open at maturity. The pericarp (fruit wall) is fused to the thin seed coat.

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Study Notes

Angiosperms - Spermatophyta (Plants with enclosed seeds)

  • Angiosperms suddenly became abundant in the early Cretaceous period, becoming the dominant vegetation.
  • They likely evolved in the northern temperate regions initially, but were lost due to later heavy glaciation.

Parts of a Plant

  • Flower: Aids in reproduction, photosynthesis.
  • Leaf: Performs photosynthesis.
  • Fruit: Protects the seeds.
  • Stem: Supports the plant.
  • Root: Absorbs water and minerals.

Division: Angiospermae

  • These are plants with enclosed seeds.
  • Distinguishing characteristic: Presence of an ovary to protect the ovule.
  • Pollination methods: Insects (entemogamous), birds (ornithogamous), wind (anemogamous), water (hydrogamous).
  • Diversity: Consists of herbs, trees, and shrubs (woody plants).

Floral symmetry

  • Describing whether and how a flower can be divided into identical or mirror-image parts (perianth).
  • Zygomorphic: Divisible into two equal parts by a single line.
  • Actinomorphic: Divisible into two equal parts by multiple planes.
  • Asymmetrical: No plane of symmetry.

Floral Formula

  • A symbolic representation of different flower parts.
  • K: Calyx (sepals)
  • C: Corolla (petals)
  • A: Androecium (stamens)
  • G: Gynoecium (pistil)
  • Numbers after denote the number of parts in each whorl.
  • Brackets denote fused parts.
  • Lines between symbols denote fusion.
  • A line above/below G denotes the position of the ovary (superior / inferior).

Types of Flowers

  • Bracteate: With bracts (small leaf-like structures) at the base. Examples: Mustard, etc.
  • Ebracteate: Without bracts. Examples: China rose, tulip, lily, etc.

More Floral Parts and Characteristics

  • Stigma: Sticky tip, receives pollen.
  • Style: Connects stigma to ovary.
  • Ovary: Contains ovules.
  • Petal: Attracts pollinators.
  • Sepal: Protects the flower in the bud stage.
  • Anther: Male part of the flower.
  • Filament: Supports the anther.
  • Ovule: Female reproductive structure.
  • Receptacle: Base of the flower.
  • Peduncle: Flower stalk.

Pollen Grains

  • Aperture (opening) types: Pores, fissures.
  • Porate: Pores only.
  • Colpate: Fissures (colpi) only.
  • Colporate: Pores and fissures.

Parts of a Flower (Labeled)

  • Specific parts of a flower diagram and their function.

Classes of Angiosperms: Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons

  • Monocots: Single cotyledon.
  • Dicots: Two cotyledons.
  • Characteristics for each class (e.g., leaf venation, flower parts—trimerous vs. tetramerous)

Important Plant Families/Species Mentioned

  • Wheat (Triticum sativum), Rice (Oryza sativa), Corn (Zea mays), Sorghum bicolor, Couch Grass (Agropyron repens), Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus)
    • Specific uses of each (edible, medicines, etc.)
    • Important compounds produced or found in each.

Geophyte

  • A perennial plant with underground food storage organs

Important terms

  • Aperture: Opening in pollen grain
  • Achenes: type of simple dry fruit.
  • Calyx: Sepals.
  • Corolla: Petals
  • Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers in a plant.
  • Ovules: egg cells contained in the ovary.
  • Perianth: Combination of sepals and petals.
  • Perigonium: Combined calyx and corolla.
  • Spikelet: Cluster of florets
  • Stamen: Male reproductive part of flower.
  • Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary.
  • Symmetry of flower: describes its arrangement in terms of reflection.
  • Whorls: A cycle of flower organs
  • Zygomorphic: asymmetrical flower form

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Description

This quiz covers the key characteristics of angiosperms, plants with enclosed seeds, and their parts including flowers, leaves, fruits, stems, and roots. You'll also learn about floral symmetry and the diverse methods of pollination in these plants.

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