Pharmaceutical Botany PDF

PHAR 212: PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY ANGIOSPERMAE-SPERMATOPHYTA (Monocotyledons) Asst. Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Pharmacy  ANGIOSPERMAE-SPERMATOPHYTA (Plants with enclosed seeds) Origin and...

PHAR 212: PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY ANGIOSPERMAE-SPERMATOPHYTA (Monocotyledons) Asst. Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu CYPRUS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Pharmacy  ANGIOSPERMAE-SPERMATOPHYTA (Plants with enclosed seeds) Origin and Evolution The fossil records indicated that the angiosperms suddenly became abundant in a in agreat variety of forms in the early Cretaceous period and have since then formed the dominant vegetation of the Earth. It is probable that they evolved in the northern temperate regions in the earlier era, but were lost due heavy glaciation in a later period. Evolution of Angiosperms  Division: Angiospermae They are plants with enclosed seeds. They have the following distinguishing characters: a) An ovarium is present to protect the ovule. b) Pollination and fertilization occurs c) Pollination occurs through any of the following means: - insects (bugs) (plants are entemogamous), - birds (plants are ornithogamous), - the wind (plants are anemogamous), - water (plants are hydromamous). d) Angiosperms consists of herbs, trees, shrubs (woody plants). Bracteate flowers Flowers with bracts i.e. reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel are called bracteate flowers, and ebracteate flowers are the flowers without bracts. Bracts are small leaf-like structures present at the base of a flower. Example mustard, etc. Ebracteate flowers Flowers without bracts i.e. reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel are called ebracteate flowers. Examples are china rose, tulip, lily, etc. Exercise: Identify the following parts of flower labelled A -J Description of Pollen Grains (Types of Apertures in Microspores) The first characteristic to be considered when identifying pollen grains are the apertures (openıngs). An aperture is a thin or missing part of the exine, which is independent of the patterning of the exine. Two different types of apertures can be distinguished: pores and fissures (colpi). The colpi are more primitive, they are elongated with pointed ends. The pores are usually isodiametric. They can also be slightly elongated but, in contrast to colpi, they have rounded ends. Diagram of Pollen Grain In some pollen grains, the exine around the apertures is either thicker or thinner. In pores, this border is termed annulus (typical in grass pollen) and in colpi margo (e.g. in Hedera helix). Pollen grains with pores are porate and those with colpi are colpate. If both pore and colpus are combined in the same aperture, the pollen grain is colporate. Microspores can be divided into groups according to the number, position and type of apertures. This classification is simple and consistent. The number of apertures is indicated by the prefixes mono-, di-, tri- tetra-, penta-, hexa- and poly- with the above terms porate, colpate oder colporate. Usually three pores and/or colpi are present that are regularly spaced around either the edge or the equator of the pollen grain, depending on whether the pollen grain is seen from the polar or equatorial view. If more than three apertures are present, they can either be regularly spaced around the edge, or equator respectively, (zonoporate/zonocolpate), or over the entire surface (pantoporate/ pantocolpate). Some possible pollen types Floral symmetry Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Zygomorphic: A flower capable of being divided into only two equal parts (mirror images) by a line passing through the middle of a flower. Actinomorphic flower: is a flower which can be divided into two equal vertical halves by any vertical plane. An actinomorphic flower has radial symmetry. Asymmetrical flowers: They have no plane of symmetry, whereas bilateral flowers have one and radial flowers have multiple planes of symmetry. If a flower has two planes of symmetry perpendicular to each other, it is sometimes described as bisymmetrical. Radial symmetry: A flower, capable of being divided, by more than one line passing through the middle of the flower, into two equal parts that are mirror images of one another; Meaning of Floral Formula: It is a symbolic and numerical representation of various floral parts. It also furnishes information regarding symmetry, sexuality and interrelationship of various floral parts viz., calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. A number put just after the symbol represents the number of parts in that particular whorl. If the parts of a whorl are united then the number is bracketed e.g. If five free sepals are present the whorl is represented by K5 and if united it is represented by K(5). If there are more than one whorl of an organ, they are represented by the some of their representative parts. If a flower has three whorls of five stamens each, then the androecium is represented by A5+5+5. If one organ is united with other organ then an arrow is made. It starts from the top of one symbol and ends on the top of the symbol for the other organ with which united e.g., if each of the five petals bears the stamens the union of two organs is represented as below; C5 A5. The epigenous condition of a flower is represented by a line placed above the number of carpels. While its hypogenous condition is represented by under-lining the number of its carpels e.g. The epigenous flower with five carpels is written G5 and the same type of hypogenous flower with five carpels is written as G5. The missing organ is represented by putting a zero or 0 after its symbol. If the number of organs in a whorl is more than ten its symbol is followed by the mark of infinity or ∞. How to Write Floral Formula The writing of floral formula one should start from bract and bracteole then symmetry and sex of flower, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. The number of parts of each organ is indicated in figures (1, …… 4, 5) after the relevant symbol (K, C, A, G). Note: (K= calyx; C= Corolla; A= androecium & G= gynoecium) If the parts are free, the figure numeral is placed as such but if they are united, the numeral figure is placed inside bracket (see numerology of symbols). In bilabiate structure, the number of parts broken into two figures depending upon the number of parts in the upper and lower lip. Adnation of members of different whorls is shown by joining the top of their symbols by a curved line. (Adnation is the fusion of different organs—for example, the stamens fused to petals) (C A). A break in the alternation of parts of any two successive floral cycles is indicated by inserting a vertical line between the symbols of the two floral cycles. The position of ovary whether, it is superior, half inferior or inferior is shown by placing a horizontal line below in front and above the symbol of gynoecium respectively. Floral diagram The floral diagram is a diagrammatic representation of theoretical transverse section and ground plan of a floral bud in relation to the mother axis which lies at the posterior side. A floral formula is a system of representing the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers and symbols. A floral formula consists of five symbols indicating from left to right: 1. Floral symmetry 2. Number of sepals 3. Number of petals 4. Number of stamens 5. Number of carpels  Using the following flowers, write the floral formula K= Calyx C= Corolla A= Androecium G= Gynoecium %= Zygomorphic Ɵ = Actinomorphic DIVISION OF ANGIOSPERMAE The division angiospermae are further divided into two classes according to the number of their cotyledons as follows: 1.Class: Monocotyledons (Plants with one seed leaf) 2.Class: Dicotyledons (Plants with two seed leaf) Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Cotyledons = Seed leaf Class: Monocotyledons These are the class of plants with one seed leaf. Characteristics 1. The embryo has only one cotyledon. 2. They are mostly herbaceous, annual or perennial plants. 3. The cork tissue is not present in the stem bark. 4. Their stems are simple, branching may be present in the inflorescence. 5.The number of calyx, corolla, androecium and gynaecium members is 3 or multiples of 3 (trimer). 6. The pollen grains monocolpate or 1- paired. 7. Vasculer bundles are irregularly arranged (Scattered in stem) and cambium is not present, therefore secondary growth does not occur. 8. They are mostly geophytes that have bulbs, rhizomes or tubers under the ground. 9. They have fibrous roots 10. The leaves are usually simple, sessile, linear, with parallel veins and without stipula, are alternately arranged. Leaves surround the stem with a sheath. 11. The calyx and corolla are not individually present as perianth, but forms a perigonium, a member of the perigon is called a sepal. 12. General flower formula: P3+3 A3+3 G(3) 13. Pollination mainly occurs through flies (bugs), therefore the plants are entemogamous. Note: Geophyte is a perennial plant with an underground food storage organ, such as a bulb, tuber, corm, or rhizome. Crocuses and tulips are geophytes. Herbaceous and Perennial plants  Geophytes Geophyte: A perennial plant with an underground food storage organ, such as a bulb, tuber, corm, or rhizome. Order: Poales Family: Graminae (Poaceae) – (Grass Family) Diagnostic characters Habit: Annual or perennial herbs; rarely tree (bamboos). Roots: Fibious adventitidus. Stem: Herbaceous; cylindrical; jointed, hollow at intemodes. Sometimes, forms rhizome or runner. Leaves: Sessile with long sheathing base; alternate; simple; ligulate; parallel venation. Inflorescence: Spike of spikelets or panicles of spiklets. Each spiklet is composed of 2-5 flowers. It is enclosed by a pair of bracts called glumes. Spike of spikelets: The spiklets form dense clusters in sessile manner on main axis as in wheat. Panicles of spikelets: The spiklets are arranged on a branched axis-panicle as in oat. Flower: Pedicillate; bracteate, two bracts palea and lemma enclose flower or floret; lemma contain bristle like awns zygomorphic; incomplete; unisexual or hermaphrodite; hypogynous. Perianth: Represented by two or three scale like lodicules. Androecium: 3 stamens, sometimes 1,2 or 6; polyandrous; anther versatile. Gynoecium: Monocarpillary; unilocular; ovary superior; stigma usually 2; feathery; basal placentation. Fruits: Caryopsis Seed: Endospermic. Note: In botany, a caryopsis (plural caryopses) is a type of simple dry fruit—one that is monocarpellate (formed from a single carpel) and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an achene, except that in a caryopsis the pericarp is fused with the thin seed coat. Caryopsis Triticum sativum (Wheat) It is an annual and herbaceous plant. The inflorescence is a condense spike. The fruits are rich in starch and proteins. It produces the drug: Amylum Tritici (Tritici amylum) (Wheat starch) It is used in pharmacy in the formulation of tablets and granules. It is also added to creams, powders etc. It is used as antiinflammatory agent in pharmaceutical industry. It is also added to powders when the amount of the active ingredient is required to be reduced since it is a harmless drug. Triticum sativum Wheat germ Wheat germ is the embryo found in the lower part of the wheat grain. 1 kilogram of wheat germ is obtained from 1 tonne of wheat. It is rich in minerals and vitamins, especially E and B group of vitamins. Gluten Gluten is a group of proteins found in grains like wheat (Triticum), rye (Secale), barley (Hordeum) and oat (Avena)’s. People with Celiac disease can not digest this protein. When people with Celiac disease eat food containing gluten, their immune system damages their small intestines. Oryza sativa (Rice) Origin: It originates from the far East. It is An annual, herbaceous plant. Rice is known to come in a variety of colours, including: white, brown, black, purple, and red. The seeds are rich in starch, but poor in proteins. It has been cultivated for thousand of years. Many cultures have evidence of early rice cultivation, including China, India, and the civilizations of Southeast Asia. However, the earliest archaeological evidence comes from central and eastern China and dates back to 7000–5000 BC. It produces the drug Amylum Oryzae (Oryzae amylum) (Rice Starch).The starch consumed as food and is used in the formualation of tablets. Rice seeds Rice flour Tablets made of Rice flour Zea mays (corn) Origin: It originates from South America. It is an annual, herbaceous plant. The produces the drug Stylus Maydis (Maydis stylus). The drug is diuretic. Amylum Maydis (Maydis amylum); the starch is used as food and used in the formulation of tablets. And also zein that is obtained from grains is used in tablet coating and dextrin obtained is used as adhesive. The drug oleum Maydis (Maydis oleum) is recommended in the diet due to the presence unsaturated fatty acids and it corrects blood-cholesterol levels. Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) It is a flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae. Sorghum flour Sorghum flour Sorghum bicolor It is known to be rich in phenolic compounds, which acts as antioxidants. Traditionally, this gluten free flour has been used to create pancakes, porridges, beer and flatbread such as jowar roti in India. It can also substitute for other grains in cakes, cookies, breads and muffins. Agropyron repens (Couch Grass) It produces the drug Rhizoma Graminis (Graminis rhizoma) which is used as diuretic. Agropyron repens Graminis rhizoma Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon Grass) Lemon grass produces aroma like lemon. It contains contains 75% citral Medicinal uses: The plant is used as a fragrance and flavoring agent and in folk medicine as an antispasmodic, hypotensive, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiemetic, antitussive, antirheumatic, antiseptic and treatment for nervous and gastrointestinal disorders and fevers. Cymbopogon citratus Other species Cymbopogon martini (Palmarosa) Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Camel grass) They produce Palma-rosa essence, It contains 75- 95% geraniol (rose smell) and used instead of rose oil. Cymbopogon martini Cymbopogon schoenanthus Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane) Its stems (Juice of the stems) juice produces Sugar. It is a source sugar (sweetening agent) used in Pharmacy in the formulation syrups, etc. Sugar cubes and Saccharum officinarum granules Thank you!