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Questions and Answers
What is considered the most dangerous stage of anesthesia?
What is considered the most dangerous stage of anesthesia?
- Stage 1
- Stage 4
- Stage 2 (correct)
- Stage 3
Which property of anesthetics contributes to their ability to diffuse swiftly into the brain from the lungs?
Which property of anesthetics contributes to their ability to diffuse swiftly into the brain from the lungs?
- High molecular weight
- Low solubility
- High solubility (correct)
- Low heat of vaporization
Which anesthetic is known as the drug of choice for induction in Sudan?
Which anesthetic is known as the drug of choice for induction in Sudan?
- Thiopental
- Sevoflurane (correct)
- Isoflurane
- Halothane
What is a significant drawback of Halothane as an anesthetic?
What is a significant drawback of Halothane as an anesthetic?
Which of the following accurately describes Stage 3 of anesthesia?
Which of the following accurately describes Stage 3 of anesthesia?
Which inhalational anesthetic is considered not suitable for induction due to its pungent smell?
Which inhalational anesthetic is considered not suitable for induction due to its pungent smell?
What results from the blockage of both the cortex and medulla oblongata in Stage 4 of anesthesia?
What results from the blockage of both the cortex and medulla oblongata in Stage 4 of anesthesia?
Which anesthetic has a low MAC and leads to slow induction but offers high potency?
Which anesthetic has a low MAC and leads to slow induction but offers high potency?
What byproduct of Isoflurane metabolism may cause renal toxicity?
What byproduct of Isoflurane metabolism may cause renal toxicity?
What is the most important effect of analgesia during the administration of general anesthetics?
What is the most important effect of analgesia during the administration of general anesthetics?
Flashcards
Anesthetic Triad
Anesthetic Triad
General anesthetics produce three key effects: loss of consciousness (hypnosis), loss of pain sensation (analgesia), and loss of muscle tone (muscle relaxation).
Stage 2: Excitement Stage
Stage 2: Excitement Stage
The stage of anesthesia where patients may show combative behavior, delirium, or abnormal pupil movements. It's the most dangerous stage because the patient is not fully unconscious but is still responsive to stimuli.
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
The stage of anesthesia where only the cortex is blocked, allowing the medulla oblongata to remain functional, ensuring basic life functions.
Stage 4: Overdose
Stage 4: Overdose
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High Solubility of Anesthetics
High Solubility of Anesthetics
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Sevoflurane
Sevoflurane
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Halothane
Halothane
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Isoflurane
Isoflurane
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MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration)
MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration)
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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Study Notes
General Anesthetic Effects
- General anesthetics produce three key effects: hypnosis (loss of consciousness), analgesia (loss of pain sensation), and muscle relaxation (loss of muscle tone).
- Analgesia is crucial because it blocks the sympathoadrenal response, a key physiological response during surgery or anesthesia.
Stages of Anesthesia
- Stage 2 (Excitement Stage): This is the most dangerous stage, characterized by possible combative behavior, delirium, and abnormal pupil movements.
- Stage 3 (Surgical Anesthesia): Only the brain's cortex is blocked, while the medulla oblongata (crucial for heart and breathing) remains functional.
- Stage 4 (Overdose): Both the cortex and medulla oblongata are blocked, causing medullary paralysis and potentially cardiopulmonary arrest.
Key Properties of Anesthetics
- High solubility: All anesthetics, regardless of IV or inhalational route, easily diffuse into blood and brain tissue from the lungs.
Inhalational Anesthetics
- Sevoflurane: Commonly used for induction in Sudan.
- Halothane: High solubility and low MAC value (minimum alveolar concentration). Slow induction, high potency; good bronchodilator properties for asthmatic patients. Potential drawbacks include cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension. Contraindicated with epinephrine due to risk of serious arrhythmias and death. Approximately 30 minutes for induction and recovery from surgical anesthesia stage.
- Isoflurane: Strong smell, unsuitable for induction, but effective for maintaining anesthesia. A metabolic byproduct is fluoride, which could potentially lead to kidney problems.
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