Pharmacokinetics of General Anesthetics

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What is the end point of an anesthetic act?

Wakefulness

Sleep (correct)

Consciousness

Drowsiness

In the two-compartment model of general anesthetics, what does the central compartment represent?

The CNS

The biophase (correct)

The rest of the body

The effect compartment

Why is a two-compartment model used despite not knowing rate constants for most general anesthetics?

Difficulties in CNS drug concentration examination in humans (correct)

Due to CNS concentration being easily measurable in humans

Because of high molecular weight of general anesthetics

High metabolism rate of general anesthetics

How do general anesthetics often leave the body?

Via metabolism and excretion pathways Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes it challenging to determine rate constants for most general anesthetics?

High CNS concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which compartment in the two-compartment model represents the rest of the body?

Second compartment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug elimination is primarily affected by a reduction in blood flow to the liver or liver disease?

Flow-limited elimination Signup and view all the answers

In which metabolism phase are drugs usually chemically altered in the liver and/or conjugated with glucuronic acid or sulphate for 'capacity-limited' elimination?

Phase 2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulation does high lipid solubility favor, contributing to a prolonged duration of action of drugs?

Enterohepatic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can cause delayed recovery from anesthesia in the post-operative period related to volatile agents or their metabolites?

Potential toxicity of active metabolites Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes drugs exhibiting 'flow-limited' elimination from those exhibiting 'capacity-limited' elimination?

Passing through the liver in one transit Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the absorption of an inhaled anesthetic the most?

Partial pressure in the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the rapid distribution of anesthesia to the brain, heart, kidney, and liver?

High perfusion of tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is mentioned as being less perfused and therefore having less anesthetic during distribution?

Muscle Signup and view all the answers

What process terminates CNS effects by moving the drug from the site of action to other tissues?

Redistribution Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metabolism can produce toxic metabolites among inhaled anesthetics?

Oxidative metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which intravenous anesthetic is processed through hydrolysis of the imidazole double bond for subsequent metabolism to inactive metabolites?

Etomidate Signup and view all the answers

Which general anesthetic can result in hepatotoxicity due to oxidative metabolism by the hepatic p450 enzyme system?

Halothane Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system plays a crucial role in facilitating fast drug recovery by conjugating intravenous anesthetics to inactive water-soluble metabolites?

Renal system Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of general anesthetics facilitates their elimination through the lungs?

Volatile nature Signup and view all the answers