Hematopoietic Blood Lymph
109 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following clinical features of anemias results as a lack of oxygen to the heart thus causing the heart to increase its workload?

  • Hyperdynamic circulation (correct)
  • Pallor
  • Aginal pain/cardiac failure
  • Lethargy

    • During anemic conditions due to blood loss. Which of the following pairs are correct?

  • Acute blood loss due to trauma hemoglobin should not change (correct)
  • Chronic blood loss due to ulcers hemoglobin should not change
  • Acute blood loss due to trauma hemoglobin will change
  • 2 of the above are correct

    • Which of the following is evidence of hemolysis that involves a fat soluable substance from heme that causes anemia as a result of increased rate of destruction of RBCs?

  • Increased unconjugated bilirubin (correct)
  • Erythrocytes hyperplasia of bone marrow
  • Increased immature red blood cells in the blood

    • which of the following are a hemolytic anemia causing disorder due to intrinsic causes that involve a spherical shaped red cells due to alterations in permeability of the cell membrane (spectrin protein) that is not often apparent until late adulthood. Characteristic features are: Hemolysis and anemia Hemolytic jaundice and pigment gall stones Erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow

    <p>Hereditary Spherocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which of the following are a hemolytic anemia causing disorder due to intrinsic causes that involve The HbS gene which is along slender crystalline mass that distorts red cell development. Results in decreased intravascular oxygen levels, increased hypoxia, sickling, increased RBC destruction.

    <p>Sickle cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sickle cell trait, the heterozygous Hgb is usually asymptomatic except when exposed to low oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders of intrinsic origin leading to hemolytic anemia result in thinner and more fragile red blood cells causing a shorter lifespan?

    <p>Thalassemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term hemochromatosis has which meaning and is associated with which disorder of the blood?

    <p>Storage of iron in perychymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cooleys anemia is in reference to excessive hemolysis and homozygous characteristics associated with which intrinsic disorder of the blood?

    <p>Beta Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemosiderous involves storage of iron in the kuffer cells and cells LOSE function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemochromatosis is a result of iron stored in hepatocytes and cells still remain functional.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemochromatosis associated with Beta thalassemias results in significant organ damage in which the organ loses function due to iron deposit in the perychymal cells which leads to severe hypoxia secondary to decreased hemoglobin in the blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alpha thalassemia which of the following syndromes develops as a result of 1 defective allele?

    <p>Asymptomatic carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alpha thalassemia which of the following syndromes develops as a result of 2 defective allele?

    <p>Thalassemia minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alpha thalassemia which of the following syndromes develops as a result of 3 defective allele?

    <p>Thalassemia major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with the disease that causes hemolytic anemia due to intrinsic causes which is a deficiency of the enzyme in the presence of certain drugs?

    <p>Heinz bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are hemolytic anemias due to extra erythrocyte causes aka extrinsic hemolytic anemias

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anemias due to decreased RBC production is the most common?

    <p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following explains spooning of the nails and which type of anemia is it associated with?

    <p>Koilonchia, Hypochromatic microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following results in red blood cells being larger than normal while the number of mature RBC decreases.

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathological characteristics best characterizes Megaloblastic anemia?

    <p>Megaloblastsq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regard to Megaloblastic anemias, pernicious anemia results as a lack of B12 leading to B12 deficiency in the systemic blood circulation for use in RBC production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms of polycythemias results in reduction of plasma volume without impacting the RBC count?

    <p>Relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compensation for hypoxia in other words increased production of RBC the mechanism for absolute polycythemias. Which of the following is NOT a factor for absolute polycythemia?

    <p>Severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following in a disease of unknown cause in which all elements of blood are increased in concentration and there is uncontrolled production of bone marrow elements?

    <p>Polycythemia Vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extra red blood cells in polycythemia Vera DO NOT carry oxygen and increase the risk of blood clots.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathological components of polycythemia Vera:

    <p>Increased blood volume = Congestion of organs Increase in blood viscosity = Vascular thrombosis, infarct in kidney, spleen heart Bleeding tendency = Defective platelet function Increased acidosis of the blood due to nucleic acid turn over from megakaryocytes and normoblasts = Gout in some patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    1/3 of deaths are due thrombotic manifestations, 1/3 due to leukemia, 1/3 due to myelofibrosis in which condition?

    <p>Polycythemia Vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auers rods are associated with which type of leukemia?

    <p>AML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are true of acute lymphoblastic leukemias?

    <p>20% of all leukemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute myeloblastic leukemia has which of the following characteristics:

    <p>Young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considerably less rapidly progressive, have anemia, and organ enlargement?

    <p>Chronic leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristic of chronic myelocytic leukemia?

    <p>40-50 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please match the following

    <p>30% of all leukemias Myelobasts (auer rods) no lymph involvement = Acute Myeloblastic leukemia 20% of leukemias, lymphoblasts, lymphadenopathy = Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Mainly over age of 60 and most benign, small mature lymphocytes (B cell type), organ enlargement is minimal compared to other forms = Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Peak incidence 40-50 yrs, mainly mature neutrophils, massive splenomegaly = Chronic myelocytic leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukemia types results in end stage blast cell?

    <p>Chronic anemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reed sternberg cell aka owl eyes is associated with?

    <p>Hodkins disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please match the following Classifications of Hodgkin's disease

    <p>Majority of cases, large tumor nodules, with R-S cells surrounded by fibrotic collagen bands = Nodular sclerosis 20-40% of this type Usually 50+, Lymphocytes and R-S cells, lymphadenopathy + not inflammatory = Mixed cellularity 10% incidence &lt;35 , mature lymphocytes and few R-S cells, best prognosis following treatment = Lymphocyte predominant &lt;10% incidence, abundant R-S cells, worst prognosis of the 4 types = Lymphocyte depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid tissue but without reed sternberg cells?

    <p>Non-hodgkins lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burkitts lymphoma accounts for 85% of all lymphomas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunoglobulin is usually of IgG variety 25% and IgA 60% in multiple myeloma with filled in lesions in radiograph.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coagulation disorders

    <p>X linked recessive, Factor 8 only males affected, hemorrhaging present 85% = Hemophilia A Xmass factor 9 deficiency with rare hemorrhaging = Hemophilia B Both A and B activates factor 8 = Von willebrand Heparin, vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulants = Acquired coagulation disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Please match the following immunologic destructive diseases

    <p>Furry = Jake Seen in childhood, follows virus illness, intracranial hemorrhaging risk = Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura Seen in adults, follows collagen disease, bleeding episodes epistaxis but not life threatening = Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura Gay = Erik</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aneurysm is considered a saccular aneurysm and is commonly found in the circle of Willis?

    <p>Berry aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common management for A-V fistulas?

    <p>Controlling blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes cavernous hemangioma from other types?

    <p>Wider lumen with blood pooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Marfan syndrome, what is a primary cardiovascular feature?

    <p>Dissection of the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by rib knotting in a patient's imaging?

    <p>Post ductal coarctation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is common in post ductal coarctation of the aorta?

    <p>Hypertensive urgencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which congenital condition is characterized by severe narrowing of the aorta proximally to the ductus?

    <p>Infantile coarctation of the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sturge-Weber syndrome, what is a significant characteristic of the hemangioma?

    <p>It extends through the skull to affect the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart is primarily affected in Marfan syndrome?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common genetic inheritance pattern for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arteriosclerosis involves accumulating abnormal materials in the intima of arterioles?

    <p>Hyaline arteriolosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for Hurler's syndrome?

    <p>Gargoylism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily characterized by the formation of fatty streaks and fibrous plaques in arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following poses the highest risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to atherosclerosis, what effect does regular physical exercise have on the vasculature?

    <p>Increases collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication of systemic hypertension is specifically associated with changes in the retina?

    <p>Cotton wool spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the following shapes and forms of aneurysm:

    <p>Saccular = Balloon Fusiform = Dilated Dissecting = Missing fibrilin—weak walls Erik = Morgans aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of aneurysm

    <p>Atherosclerosis = Fusiform Syphilitic aortic = Fusiform Cystic medial necrosis = Dissecting Mycotic and congenital = Saccular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of diseases characterized by inflammatory changes in the walls of blood vessels?

    <p>Vasculitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammatory changes primarily affecting the aorta?

    <p>Aortitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibody is likely present at the site of lesions in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?

    <p>Anti-hep B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hemorrhages is commonly associated with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wegener's granulomatosis is often fatal without treatment due to necrotizing granulomatosis affecting which body parts?

    <p>Lungs, nose, and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease primarily affects the elderly and is associated with headache onset due to occlusion of the superficial temporal artery?

    <p>Temporal arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonly used alternative name for thromboangitis obliterans?

    <p>Buerger's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Takayasu's arteritis primarily affects which demographic?

    <p>Females less than 4 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to meet the metabolic demands of tissues, despite pumping more blood than usual?

    <p>High output failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition most commonly causes right ventricular failure?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes hypertensive heart disease?

    <p>It is primarily associated with increased peripheral resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is backward failure in heart conditions primarily characterized by?

    <p>Congestion of blood in the venous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is congestive heart failure typically described?

    <p>Due to a faulty pump leading to blood congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically causes low output failure?

    <p>Diseases affecting the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might lead to left ventricular failure as a secondary effect?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hypertensive heart disease?

    <p>Extrinsic hypertrophy of ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In congestive heart failure, what typically results from a faulty pump?

    <p>Congestion in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by a failure to deliver adequate blood to tissues?

    <p>Low output failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Left ventricular failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In left ventricular failure, what is typically a systemic effect observed?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart change is described as intrinsic dilation?

    <p>Flabby heart muscle leading to enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is commonly linked with high output failure?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following congenital heart defects with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Tetralogy of Fallot = Includes overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy Melody de Roger = Ventricular septal defect with left-to-right shunt without cyanosis Coarctation of the aorta = Narrowing of the aorta proximally to the ductus Atrial septal defect (ASD) = Results from a defect in the atrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of cardiomyopathy with their characteristics:

    <p>Dilated cardiomyopathy = Characterized by poor contractile function Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = Often associated with outflow obstruction Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Characterized by impaired ventricular filling Ischemic cardiomyopathy = Results from coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their associated congenital heart condition:

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) = Continuous murmur due to a patent ductus Tetralogy of Fallot = Features right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary stenosis Melody de Roger = Left-to-right shunt without cyanosis Coarctation of the aorta = Characterized by constriction of the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective associations:

    <p>Marfan syndrome = Associated with mitral valve prolapse Verrucous vegetations = Found on heart valves in certain conditions Amyloidosis = Can affect the heart and lead to restrictive cardiomyopathy Overriding aorta = Characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding effects or associations:

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leading to pulmonary embolism = Acute right ventricular failure Chronic passive congestion = Nutmeg liver Vasospasm = Variant (Prinzmetal) angina Troponin = Laboratory marker that rises first in myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of angina with their characteristics:

    <p>Stable angina = Occurs during physical exertion Unstable angina = More likely to occur at rest Variant angina = Associated with vasospasm Microvascular angina = Involves small vessel coronary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following myocardial infarction complications with their descriptions:

    <p>Arrhythmias = Most common immediate cause of death post-MI Cardiac tamponade = Fluid accumulation affecting heart function Heart block = Impaired electrical conduction Myocardial rupture = Tear in heart tissue leading to hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart conditions with their causes or associations:

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy = Increased blood pressure Chronic ischemic heart disease = Progressive death of cardiac tissue Acute cor pulmonale = Typically results from COPD or DVT Rheumatic heart disease = Autoimmune response to streptococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiac symptoms with their classifications:

    <p>Myocardial infarction symptoms = Often present with chest pain Stable angina symptoms = Relieved by rest Unstable angina symptoms = More predictable than stable angina Variant angina symptoms = Often occurs at night or at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart disease types with their features:

    <p>Ischemic cardiomyopathy = Chronic myocardial ischemia leading to heart failure Hypertensive heart disease = Chronic increased pressure causing ventricular changes Cor pulmonale = Right heart failure due to lung disease Rheumatic heart disease = Damage from rheumatic fever affecting the heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the laboratory markers with their significance in heart conditions:

    <p>CPK-MB = Rises later after myocardial infarction Myoglobin = Early marker but not specific for cardiac damage BNP = Elevated in heart failure cases Troponin = Most sensitive and specific marker for heart muscle injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of heart failure with their descriptions:

    <p>Acute heart failure = Sudden onset, life-threatening Chronic heart failure = Progressive, long-term condition Right-sided heart failure = Often leads to peripheral edema Left-sided heart failure = Causes pulmonary congestion and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by verrucous vegetations on heart valves?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitral valve prolapse is most commonly associated with which syndrome?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dilated cardiomyopathy is primarily characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Poor contractile function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A left-to-right shunt without cyanosis resulting from a ventricular septal defect is known as what?

    <p>Melody de Roger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition most commonly leads to acute right ventricular failure due to forward failure mechanism?

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leading to pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is the leading immediate cause of death after a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic right ventricular failure due to backward failure can lead to which of the following conditions?

    <p>Nutmeg liver due to chronic passive congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stable angina pectoris, when do symptoms typically occur?

    <p>During physical exertion and resolve with rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory marker is known to rise first and remain elevated for 7–10 days in the context of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major characteristic of chronic ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Progressive death of cardiac muscle tissue with fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertensive heart disease, which condition is the primary cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute cor pulmonale is primarily caused by which condition?

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis leading to pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aneurysms

    • Berry aneurysms are a type of saccular aneurysm found in the circle of Willis.
    • Most berry aneurysms are asymptomatic.
    • Berry aneurysms can present with blood in the cerebrospinal fluid during a spinal tap.

    Arteriovenous Fistulas and Malformations

    • Arteriovenous fistulas or malformations are the most common congenital blood flow diseases.
    • The most common management of AV fistulas is controlling blood pressure.
    • The middle cerebral artery is the most common location for AV fistulas.

    Hemangiomas

    • Hemangioma is a tumor of capillaries.
    • Capillary hemangiomas are present at birth and will spontaneously regress. They have capillaries of normal size.
    • Cavernous hemangiomas are known as port wine stains and have wider lumens and pooling of blood. They will not fade with time.
    • Sturge-Weber syndrome is a type of cavernous hemangioma that extends through the skull to affect the brain due to dystrophic calcifications and absence of hypercalcemia.

    Coarctation of the Aorta

    • Infantile coarctation of the aorta is a rare disease with severe narrowing of the aorta proximal to the ductus arteriosus.
    • Adult (post-ductal) coarctation of the aorta is the most common comorbidity with Turner syndrome and the most common form of coarctation of the aorta.
    • Post-ductal coarctation is found in adults and often presents with features like:
      • Rib notching
      • Delayed femoral pulse
      • Distal thigh pain
      • Hypertension (due to renin production in the kidneys)
    • Post-ductal coarctation causes ischemic blood flow to the kidneys, activating renin and leading to hypertension.

    Marfan Syndrome

    • Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting fibrillin production, leading to cardiovascular complications.
    • Marfan syndrome can affect the cardiovascular system in the following ways:
      • Aneurysm of the root of the aorta
      • Dissecting aneurysm
      • Aortic valve incompetence
    • Marfan syndrome causes cystic changes, particularly affecting the tunica media of the aortic arch.

    Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

    • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of genetic disorders affecting collagen formation.
    • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can cause hyperextensibility of the skin, poor wound healing, and a condition known as "rubber band man".

    Marfan Syndrome

    • Affects the tunica media of the heart.
    • A congenital blood vessel disease.

    Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

    • Autosomal dominant recessive disease.
    • Impacts collagen formation.
    • Causes hypermobile skin and joints.

    Monckeberg's Medial Calcific Sclerosis

    • Dystrophic calcification in blood vessel walls.
    • Caused by high inflammation levels.

    Hurler Syndrome

    • Autosomal recessive congenital blood vessel disease.
    • Caused by enzyme deficiency.
    • Leads to GAG accumulation in tissues.
    • Affects bone, brain, and primarily the heart.

    Gargoylism

    • Aka (alternate name) for Hurler Syndrome.

    Hyaline Arteriosclerosis

    • Arteriosclerosis type.
    • Abnormal material accumulates in the intima of arterioles.
    • Narrows the lumen.
    • Associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

    Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis

    • Arteriosclerosis type.
    • Thickening of the media.
    • Associated with rapidly increasing hypertension, especially malignant hypertension.
    • Narrows the lumen and stiffens the walls.

    Atherosclerosis

    • Disease of affluence leading to ischemic heart disease.
    • Individuals with high saturated fat diets are at highest risk.

    Common Pathogenesis and Progression of Atherosclerosis

    • Fatty streak and simple fibrous atheromatous plaque.

    Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis

    • Hyperlipidemia (total count above 200) poses the highest risk.

    Common Thrombosis Formation Sites in Atherosclerosis

    • Coronary arteries and internal carotid arteries.

    Effects of Exercise on Vasculature in Atherosclerosis

    • Increased collateral circulation.

    Benign Arteriosclerosis

    • Hyaline arteriolosclerosis.

    Complications of Systemic Hypertension

    • Cotton wool spots (referring to the retina).

    Vasculitis

    • A group of diseases characterized by inflammatory changes in the wall of a blood vessel.

    Aortitis

    • Inflammatory changes occurring in the wall of the aorta.

    Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

    • Affects small to medium-sized arteries, primarily seen in males aged 20 and older.
    • A progressive disease with lesions at different stages.
    • Anti-Hep B antibody is often present at the site of the lesion.
    • Petechial hemorrhages are a characteristic symptom.

    Wegener's Granulomatosis

    • A type of vasculitis that causes necrotizing granulomatosis in the lungs, nose, and kidneys.
    • Often fatal within a year without treatment.
    • Presents with a collapsed nasal septum.

    Hypersensitivity Angiitis

    • Affects small vessels, capillaries, and venules due to toxins or infections.
    • Lesions are at the same stage and event.
    • Can present with hemoptysis (lungs), hematuria (kidneys), and bowel/rectal bleeding.

    Temporal Arteritis

    • Affects medium-sized muscular arteries, most common around age 70.
    • The superficial temporal artery is most affected, becoming occluded.
    • Leading cause of sudden onset of headaches in the elderly.
    • Associated with HLA DR4 antigen.

    Kawasaki's Arteritis

    • Affects the coronary arteries of the heart and the tunica intima, which becomes indurated.
    • Often associated with hypersensitivity.
    • A disease of childhood.

    Thromboangitis Obliterans

    • Also known as Buerger's disease.
    • Seen in heavy chain smoking countries.
    • The radial and tibial arteries are most affected.
    • A relapsing and remitting inflammatory condition of the vessels.

    Takayasu's Disease

    • Primarily affects females under 4 years of age.
    • Fibrotic changes in all three layers of the artery, particularly the tunica intima.
    • Affects the aortic arch and its three branches, resulting in an absence of pulse in the branches supplying the head and neck.
    • Radial pulse is absent, but LE pulse is normal.

    Syphilitic Aortitis

    • Primarily impacts the proximal 1/3 of the aortic arch in the secondary stage of syphilis.
    • Fusiform aneurysm occurs, leading to tissue breakdown that pulls the three cusps of the aortic semilunar valve apart.
    • This results in incompetence (regurgitation) and an increased diastolic volume in the left ventricle.

    Raynaud's Disease

    • Excessive vascular response to cold, causing ischemia in the digits, turning them white, then cold, then cyanotic, and very painful upon warming.
    • A primary condition occurring in young females with no obvious underlying condition.
    • Vessels overreact and go into spasm rather than just vasoconstriction.

    Raynaud's Phenomenon

    • Secondary condition that can occur at any age in either sex, depending on the underlying condition.
    • Cryoglobulins are present.
    • Conditions may include bronchogenic carcinoma.

    Heart Diseases

    • Ischemic heart disease is the most common disease of the heart, often caused by atherosclerosis. It's prevalent in developed countries and serves as a marker for atherosclerosis within populations.

    • Hypertensive heart disease is another major heart disease linked to obesity. It impacts the heart due to increased peripheral resistance, a vascular disorder. Left ventricular hypertrophy causes chamber size reduction.

    Heart Size Changes

    • Hypertrophy: External increase in muscle mass of the ventricle, leading to a decrease in chamber size.
    • Dilation: Internal change where the heart muscle weakens, leading to stretching and enlargement of the ventricular chamber.

    Congestive Heart Failure

    • Occurs due to a faulty heart pump, causing congestion, particularly in the lungs.

    • Low Output Failure: Caused by heart disease itself, leading to a compromised pump.

    • High Output Failure: Stems from diseases outside the myocardium, such as increased tissue metabolic rate or decreased blood carrying capacity. The heart pumps more blood than usual but still cannot meet tissue demands.

    • Right Ventricular Failure most commonly arises from:

      • Left ventricular failure.
      • Cor pulmonale (lung disease).

    • Left Ventricular Failure most commonly arises from:

      • Coronary artery disease.
      • Systemic hypertension.

    Heart Failure Types

    • Forward Failure: Inadequate blood delivery to tissues, leading to hypoxia and related effects.
    • Backward Failure: Blood congestion in the venous system due to the heart's inability to effectively circulate blood.

    Left Ventricular Failure Causes & Effects

    • Ischemic heart disease: Often impacts the left anterior descending artery.

    • Aortic or mitral valve disease: Stenosis or incompetence can cause LVF.

    • Acute Left Ventricular Failure (LVF):

      • Forward Failure: Hypotension, cardiogenic shock.
      • Backward Failure: Acute pulmonary edema.

    • Chronic Left Ventricular Failure (LVF):

      • Forward Failure: Ischemia, hypoxia of the kidneys leading to fluid and sodium retention.
      • Backward Failure: Chronic pulmonary congestion.

    Right Ventricular Failure

    • Pulmonary diseases like COPD and left ventricular failure can lead to RVF.
    • Cor pulmonale is the most common cause of isolated right ventricular failure.

    Compensation Mechanisms

    • Anatrophic: Decreased contraction strength.
    • Chronatrophic: Increased heart rate to compensate for weak contractions.

    Heart Disease

    • Ischemic heart disease is the most common heart disease and often caused by atherosclerosis. It's a disease of developed countries and is used as a measure of atherosclerosis in the population.

    • Hypertensive heart disease is often associated with obesity and causes problems due to increased peripheral resistance. It is a vascular disorder affecting the heart.

    Heart Failure

    • Congestive heart failure results from a faulty pump, either low output failure (from heart disease) or high output failure (from systemic diseases).

    • Left ventricular failure (LVF) is most commonly caused by coronary artery disease, followed by systemic hypertension.

    • Right ventricular failure (RVF) most commonly results from left ventricular failure, with cor pulmonale being the second most common cause.

    Types of Heart Failure

    • Hypertrophy: Enlargement of the heart due to an increase in muscle mass. Typically causes a decrease in chamber size.

    • Dilation: The heart muscle becomes flabby and hypotonic, leading to chamber enlargement.

    Forward vs. Backward Failure

    • Forward failure: The heart fails to deliver an adequate amount of blood to the tissues, leading to hypoxia.

    • Backward failure: Blood congests in the venous system due to the heart's inability to efficiently pump blood through the circulation.

    Systemic Effects of Left Ventricular Failure

    • Acute LVF:

      • Forward failure: Hypotension, cardiogenic shock
      • Backward failure: Acute pulmonary edema

    • Chronic LVF:

      • Forward failure: Ischemia, hypoxia of kidneys leading to sodium and water retention
      • Backward failure: Chronic pulmonary congestion

    Key Facts about Ventricular Failure

    • LVF due to ischemic heart disease often impacts the left anterior descending artery.
    • LVF due to aortic or mitral valve disease often results from stenosis or incompetence.
    • Right ventricular disease can result from pulmonary diseases such as COPD and left ventricular failure.
    • Cor pulmonale is the most common cause of isolated right ventricular failure.

    Compensation Mechanisms

    • Anatrophic: Contraction strength decreases.

    • Chronatrophic: Increased heart rate compensates for weak contractions.

    Right Ventricular Failure

    • Acute right ventricular failure (RVF) is most commonly due to forward failure from a pulmonary embolism.
    • Chronic RVF due to backward failure can lead to nutmeg liver due to chronic passive congestion.

    Angina Pectoris

    • Stable angina pectoris occurs during physical exertion and resolves with rest.
    • Variant (Prinzmetal) angina is primarily associated with vasospasm rather than atherosclerosis.

    Myocardial Infarction (MI)

    • Troponin is the laboratory marker that rises first and remains elevated for 7–10 days following an MI.
    • Arrhythmias are the most common immediate cause of death following an MI.

    Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

    • Chronic ischemic heart disease, also known as ischemic cardiomyopathy, is characterized by progressive death of cardiac muscle tissue with fibrosis.

    Hypertensive Heart Disease

    • Increased blood pressure is the primary cause of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive heart disease.

    Cor Pulmonale

    • Acute cor pulmonale typically results from a pulmonary embolism.

    Rheumatic Heart Disease

    • Verrucous vegetations on heart valves are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease.

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

    • Mitral valve prolapse is commonly associated with Marfan syndrome.

    Cardiomyopathy

    • Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with poor contractile function and potential thrombus formation.

    Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

    • A VSD that results in a left-to-right shunt without cyanosis is known as Melody de Roger.

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

    • PDA is characterized by an open ductus arteriosus and a continuous murmur.

    Tetralogy of Fallot

    • Tetralogy of Fallot includes:
      • Overriding aorta
      • Pulmonary stenosis
      • Right ventricular hypertrophy
      • NOT left atrial enlargement

    Acute Right Ventricular Failure (RVF)

    • Results from a forward failure mechanism due to pulmonary embolism from a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

    Chronic Right Ventricular Failure (RVF)

    • Can lead to Nutmeg Liver due to chronic passive congestion which causes a backward failure mechanism.

    Stable Angina

    • Primarily affects the coronary arteries to the heart.
    • Commonly experienced during physical exertion
    • Resolved with rest

    Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina

    • Characterized by vasoconstriction rather than atherosclerosis, which can lead to chest pain.

    Myocardial Infarction (MI)

    • Troponin rises first and remains elevated for 7–10 days after an MI
    • Arrhythmias are a common cause of death following an MI

    Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease (ischemic cardiomyopathy)

    • Characterized by progressive death of cardiac muscle tissue with fibrosis, leading to impaired heart function.

    Hypertensive Heart Disease

    • Increased blood pressure leads to left ventricular hypertrophy, which increases the workload on the left ventricle

    Acute Cor Pulmonale

    • Typically caused by a deep vein thrombosis leading to a pulmonary embolism

    Rheumatic Heart Disease

    • Characterized by Verrucous vegetations, or small growths, on heart valves

    Mitral Valve Prolapse

    • Associated with Marfan syndrome, which is a connective tissue disorder.

    Dilated Cardiomyopathy

    • Characterized by poor contractile function and potential thrombus formation

    Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

    • Melody de Roger is a type of VSD that results in a left-to-right shunt without cyanosis.
    • Left-to-right shunts cause blood to flow from the high-pressure left ventricle to the lower-pressure right ventricle

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

    • Characterized by a continuous murmur, which is a persistent heart sound between heartbeats, which can indicate an open ductus arteriosus.

    Tetralogy of Fallot

    • Includes: an overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and a ventricular septal defect (VSD)
    • Does not involve left atrial enlargement.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between anemia and its effects on cardiac function. It focuses on how lack of oxygen due to anemia leads to increased workload on the heart. Test your knowledge on the clinical features of different types of anemia.

    More Like This

    Anemia and Its Management
    43 questions

    Anemia and Its Management

    FreedRhyme avatar
    FreedRhyme
    Hemolytic Anemia and Heart Failure Overview
    37 questions

    Hemolytic Anemia and Heart Failure Overview

    ScenicSwaneeWhistle7339 avatar
    ScenicSwaneeWhistle7339
    Cardiology Concepts: Heart Rhythm & Anemia
    46 questions

    Cardiology Concepts: Heart Rhythm & Anemia

    WelcomeChicago3194 avatar
    WelcomeChicago3194
    Biology Quiz: Heart Rate & Anemia
    5 questions

    Biology Quiz: Heart Rate & Anemia

    IndulgentSolarSystem6373 avatar
    IndulgentSolarSystem6373
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser