Anemia and Jaundice Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic appearance of the tongue in pernicious anemia?

Fissured and white

Smooth (correct)

Rough and yellow

Pale and striped

Which additional symptom may accompany tongue changes in nutritional deficiencies?

Nausea

Fissures at the corners of the mouth (correct)

Swollen gums

Excessive salivation

What tongue appearance is associated with other nutritional deficiencies beyond pernicious anemia?

Smooth and beefy red (correct)

Very dry and cracked

Lumpy and gray

Thick and coated

What should be assessed alongside tongue symptoms as part of a physical examination?

Scleral jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is characterized by a smooth tongue appearance?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of jaundice in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD)?

Destruction of red blood cells (RBC) Signup and view all the answers

Where should one inspect for jaundice in patients with darker skin tones?

The roof of the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What substance is released into the bloodstream as a result of RBC destruction that causes jaundice?

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of jaundice?

Yellow appearance of skin and eyes Signup and view all the answers

In patients with jaundice, which mechanism is primarily responsible for the yellow discoloration?

Accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'AS' refer to in genetics?

Sickle cell trait Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a person with sickle cell trait?

They can pass the trait to their offspring. Signup and view all the answers

How can sickle cell trait affect descendants?

Children will have a 50% chance of having sickle cell trait. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding sickle cell trait is incorrect?

It is not associated with any risk of health complications. Signup and view all the answers

What genetic constitution does someone with sickle cell trait possess?

One normal and one sickle cell allele (AS) Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreased MCHC indicate about red blood cells?

They have a hemoglobin deficiency and appear hypochromic. Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you most likely see decreased MCHC and hypochromic cells?

Iron deficiency anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

Hypochromic and microcytic. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to low RBC counts besides blood loss?

Genetic mutations affecting hemoglobin production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT typically helpful in determining causes of low RBC counts unrelated to blood loss?

Blood culture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of consistent practice of self-care activities?

Fewer or less severe complications and a longer life span Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is least supported by the impact of self-care activities?

Practicing self-care can eliminate all health complications. Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of neglecting self-care practices?

Potentially more severe health issues Signup and view all the answers

How can self-care activities affect life expectancy?

They can contribute to a longer life span. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to be influenced by self-care activities?

Individual's social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What becomes more significant as the SCD population ages?

The management of the disease in nonpediatric settings Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely a consequence of the aging SCD population?

Increased complexity of managing the disease Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the implications of an aging SCD population?

Adults with SCD may require different management strategies in nonpediatric settings Signup and view all the answers

In what type of healthcare settings are more adults with SCD being managed as they age?

Nonpediatric settings Signup and view all the answers

What trend is being observed with the SCD population as they grow older?

Higher concentration of SCD cases in adult populations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 39: Assessment of the Hematologic System

The priority concepts for this chapter are clotting and perfusion.
The hematologic system comprises the blood, blood cells, lymph, and organs involved in blood formation and storage.
Perfusion is the total arterial blood flow through tissues (peripheral perfusion) and the blood pumped by the heart (central perfusion).
Clotting is a multi-step process involving blood forming a protein-based structure (clot) at tissue injury to prevent excessive bleeding while maintaining blood flow.

Anatomy and Physiology Review: Bone Marrow

Bone marrow produces red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
Daily, the bone marrow releases approximately 2.5 billion RBCs, 2.5 billion platelets, and 1 billion WBCs per kilogram of body weight.
In adults, active bone marrow is primarily found in flat bones and the ends of long bones.
Marrow is replaced by fatty tissue with aging, reducing its active blood cell production capacity.
Blood stem cells are immature, unspecialized cells that differentiate into various blood cell types based on the body's needs.

Blood Components

Blood is composed of plasma and cells.
Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
Albumin maintains osmotic pressure preventing fluid leakage into tissues.
Globulins have various functions, including transporting substances and acting as antibodies.
Fibrinogen is crucial to the clotting process.
Blood cells include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

RBCs constitute the largest proportion of blood cells.
Normal range for adults is 4.2 to 6.1 million/mm³ (4.2 to 6.1 × 1012/L).
RBCs produce hemoglobin (Hgb) which is crucial for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
RBCs have an approximate lifespan of 120 days. Old RBCs are destroyed and recycled in the spleen and liver.

White Blood Cells (WBCs): Leukocytes

WBCs are involved in inflammation and immunity.
Different types of WBCs exist, each with specific functions.
Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells, T lymphocytes, helper/inducer T cells and cytotoxic/cytolytic T cells, all play crucial roles in immune responses.
Natural killer (NK) cells nonselectively kill abnormal cells.

Platelets

Platelets are small blood cells crucial for clotting.
Their functions include sticking to injured blood vessel walls and forming initial plugs at injury sites.
They help start the clotting cascade and help seal vessels, preventing hemorrhage.
Activated platelets secrete substances that enhance clotting.

Hemostasis and Blood Clotting

Hemostasis is a multi-step process of controlled blood clotting.
This balances clotting with anti-clotting actions and localizes blood clotting to damaged vessels helping prevent excessive blood loss.
The process involves a cascade of clotting factors, which when activated and in sufficient amount cause a platelet plug and subsequently a fibrin clot.

Hematologic Changes Associated with Aging

Aging is associated with reduced total blood volume and lower plasma protein levels.
Lower plasma protein (e.g., albumin, globulins) is possibly due to reduced protein production in older livers and/or poor dietary intake.
Age-related changes in blood cell counts can lead to lower total red blood cell (RBC) counts, and total white blood cell (WBC) counts.
Lymphocyte responsiveness to antigens and antibody levels become reduced and slower with age compared to adults.

Chapter 40: Care of Patients With Hematologic Problems

The priority concepts for this chapter include perfusion, immunity, cellular regulation, gas exchange, and clotting.
This chapter focuses on care of patients with hematologic disorders impacting clotting, immunity, PERFUSION, and GAS EXCHANGE.
This includes considerations, such as home-based safety measures, and health promotion/maintenance strategies for these patients, as well as psychosocial and physiological needs.

Chapter 70: Care of Patients With Breast Disorders

The priority concepts for this chapter include cellular regulation and comfort.
This chapter focuses on various breast problems from benign conditions to cancer, its associated effects, and the associated care.
The chapter also discusses the role of interprofessional collaborative care within the context of breast disorders and its nursing considerations and implications for treatment and outcome for each health issue.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics of anemia and jaundice. This quiz covers the appearance of the tongue in pernicious anemia, symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, and signs associated with jaundice. Improve your understanding of these important medical topics and their implications in healthcare.