Anemia and Immune Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis?

Mast cells and dendritic cells

Neutrophils and macrophages (correct)

Basophils and eosinophils

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

What is a primary physiological consequence of anemia?

Increased energy production

Increased blood viscosity

Reduced oxygen delivery to tissues (correct)

Reduces immune response

How do natural killer (NK) cells identify their targets?

By recognizing inflammation signals

By identifying foreign antibodies

Without the need for prior sensitization (correct)

Through prior sensitization

Which immune response is often required to control fungal infections?

Phagocytes and T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What neurological symptom can result from Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Paresthesia Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the body employ to compensate for anemia?

Release of erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell type is primarily targeted by HIV?

CD4+ T helper cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of fungal infections compared to bacterial infections?

Immune response to fungi involves unique structures Signup and view all the answers

What does alveolar dead space refer to in respiratory physiology?

Lung areas ventilated but not perfused with blood Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage II in tumor staging typically indicate?

Local spread without distant metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to an increased risk of cancer due to immunosuppression?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes in the human body?

100-120 days Signup and view all the answers

Which factors contribute to the increased risk of coronary artery disease?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Kussmaul respirations?

Deep, labored breaths Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the herpes virus during latency?

Genomes residing within host cell nuclei Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the coexistence of gonorrhea and chlamydia important?

They often cause similar symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

Accumulation of functionally incompetent B lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are responsible for Rickettsial infections?

Bacteria transmitted through arthropod vectors. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Reed-Sternberg cells?

Their presence signifies Hodgkin lymphoma. Signup and view all the answers

From which tissues do carcinomas arise?

Epithelial tissues Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of the coagulation cascade in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Cytokines such as PAF and TNF-α. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tumor markers is true?

They can indicate high-risk individuals or monitor treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of atherosclerosis?

Endothelial injury from hypertension or high cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemia primarily associated with?

Reduced blood flow to tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anemia

Characterized by reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen transport to tissues.
Often results in hypoxia, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and pallor.
Body compensates by increasing heart rate and respiratory rate to improve oxygen uptake.

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens.
Neutrophils are particularly effective against bacteria.

Natural Killer Cells

Part of the innate immune system, targeting virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
Do not require prior sensitization to recognize targets.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Essential for nerve health and red blood cell production.
Deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms like paresthesia due to myelin degeneration.

Fungal Infections

Affect various body systems and are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes.
Require a different immune response than bacterial infections due to their unique structure.

Compensation for Anemia

Body increases breathing rate and depth to enhance oxygen intake.
Kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.

HIV Targets

Primarily targets CD4+ T helper cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
Infection of these immune cells leads to progressive immunosuppression.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Accumulates functionally incompetent B lymphocytes that fail to mature into antibody-producing plasma cells.
Impairs immune response and increases susceptibility to infections.

Rickettsial Infection

Caused by bacteria transmitted through arthropods like ticks.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a well-known example, presenting with rash and fever.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

Large atypical lymphoid cells found in Hodgkin lymphoma.
Indicate malignant transformation of B lymphocytes.

Carcinoma Origins

Arise from epithelial tissues that line organs and structures.

Coagulation Cascade Activation

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) activates the coagulation cascade due to factors like cytokines.
Leads to widespread clotting and potential organ failure.

Tumor Cell Markers

Substances produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer.
Used for screening high-risk individuals or monitoring treatment response, but not definitive for diagnosis.

Apoptosis Mechanism

Programmed cell death mechanism that eliminates excess or damaged cells without inflammation.
Maintains tissue homeostasis and prevents tumorigenesis.

Atherosclerosis Initiation

Begins with endothelial injury due to factors like hypertension or high cholesterol.
Leads to inflammation and plaque formation in arteries.

Blood Supply Deprivation

Ischemia refers to reduced blood flow to tissues, potentially causing cell injury or death.

Cervical Cancer Virus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly linked to cervical cancer development.
Vaccination can significantly reduce the risk.

Alveolar Dead Space Conditions

Alveolar dead space occurs when parts of the lung are ventilated but not perfused with blood, often seen in conditions like pulmonary embolism.
Understanding ventilation-perfusion mismatch is essential for respiratory physiology.

Tumor Staging

Stage II indicates local spread of cancer but not distant metastasis.

CAD Risk Factors

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor due to its effect on lipid metabolism and vascular health.

Cancer and STDs Link

Certain STDs, particularly HPV, have been linked to increased cancer risk.

Cancer Linked to Congenital Syndromes

Some cancers, like Wilms tumor, are associated with congenital syndromes due to genetic predispositions.

AIDS and Cancer Risk

Children with AIDS have an increased risk of developing certain malignancies due to immunosuppression.

Kussmaul Respirations Characteristics

Deep, labored breaths often associated with metabolic acidosis.

Gonorrhea Coexisting STIs

Gonorrhea frequently coexists with chlamydia due to similar transmission routes.

Herpes Virus Latency

Herpesvirus genomes reside within the nucleus of host cells without causing symptoms, allowing reactivation under certain conditions.

Erythrocyte Lifespan

Erythrocytes typically have a lifespan of about 100-120 days before being removed from circulation.

Erythrocyte Characteristics

Erythrocytes lack nuclei and organelles.
Their shape allows efficient navigation through capillaries while carrying oxygen

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Description

Test your knowledge on anemia, immune mechanisms, and related deficiencies. This quiz covers topics including phagocytosis, natural killer cells, and the impacts of vitamin B12 deficiency on health. Understand how the body compensates for these conditions and the immune responses involved in fighting infections.