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Questions and Answers
What was a significant reason for Sparta's concern during the rise of Athens?
What was a significant reason for Sparta's concern during the rise of Athens?
Which of the following statements describes the voting system in ancient Athens?
Which of the following statements describes the voting system in ancient Athens?
Who is often referred to as the 'Father of History' for his work documenting conflicts?
Who is often referred to as the 'Father of History' for his work documenting conflicts?
What was the outcome of the Peace of Nicias in relation to Athens' military actions?
What was the outcome of the Peace of Nicias in relation to Athens' military actions?
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Which of the following terms describes the system by which officials were chosen in Athenian democracy?
Which of the following terms describes the system by which officials were chosen in Athenian democracy?
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Which of the following kingdoms primarily took over the Greek city states during the Hellenistic period?
Which of the following kingdoms primarily took over the Greek city states during the Hellenistic period?
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What was a characteristic feature of art during the Hellenistic period?
What was a characteristic feature of art during the Hellenistic period?
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What was the primary focus of Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium?
What was the primary focus of Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium?
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Which significant architectural achievement exemplified the monumental architecture of the Hellenistic period?
Which significant architectural achievement exemplified the monumental architecture of the Hellenistic period?
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What is the primary contribution of Hippocrates to the field of medicine?
What is the primary contribution of Hippocrates to the field of medicine?
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Which Greek writer is known for composing epic poems that significantly influenced Western literature?
Which Greek writer is known for composing epic poems that significantly influenced Western literature?
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Which term relates to the Greek root meaning 'measurement of earth'?
Which term relates to the Greek root meaning 'measurement of earth'?
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What concept did Greek medicine emphasize to maintain health?
What concept did Greek medicine emphasize to maintain health?
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Which genre of literature did Aristophanes primarily contribute to?
Which genre of literature did Aristophanes primarily contribute to?
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What was Herodotus's primary focus in his historical writings?
What was Herodotus's primary focus in his historical writings?
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Which of the following is a key theme explored in Homer's epic poems?
Which of the following is a key theme explored in Homer's epic poems?
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Which of the following Greek contributions has had a lasting impact on modern terminology?
Which of the following Greek contributions has had a lasting impact on modern terminology?
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What event led to the overthrow of the tyranny established by Peisistratos?
What event led to the overthrow of the tyranny established by Peisistratos?
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How did Cleisthenes's system of democracy differ from previous forms of government in Athens?
How did Cleisthenes's system of democracy differ from previous forms of government in Athens?
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Which group of individuals was not granted citizenship in Cleisthenes's democracy?
Which group of individuals was not granted citizenship in Cleisthenes's democracy?
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What was the primary function of the Assembly in Athenian democracy?
What was the primary function of the Assembly in Athenian democracy?
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How were members of the Council of 500 selected in Athenian democracy?
How were members of the Council of 500 selected in Athenian democracy?
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What criteria were used to determine eligibility for Athenian citizenship?
What criteria were used to determine eligibility for Athenian citizenship?
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What was the outcome if a proposal received the majority of votes in an Assembly session?
What was the outcome if a proposal received the majority of votes in an Assembly session?
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In Athenian democracy, how were court cases typically decided?
In Athenian democracy, how were court cases typically decided?
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What was a key outcome of the Battle of Salamis?
What was a key outcome of the Battle of Salamis?
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What theme is highlighted by Odysseus' crew's overindulgence after raiding the Cicones?
What theme is highlighted by Odysseus' crew's overindulgence after raiding the Cicones?
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What tactic did Odysseus use to escape from Polyphemus?
What tactic did Odysseus use to escape from Polyphemus?
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What prevents Odysseus' crew from leaving the land of the Lotus-Eaters?
What prevents Odysseus' crew from leaving the land of the Lotus-Eaters?
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What role does Poseidon play in Odysseus' journey?
What role does Poseidon play in Odysseus' journey?
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How does Odysseus manage to resist the Sirens' song?
How does Odysseus manage to resist the Sirens' song?
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What challenge does Penelope devise for her suitors?
What challenge does Penelope devise for her suitors?
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Which mythical creature does Odysseus encounter who turns his men into animals?
Which mythical creature does Odysseus encounter who turns his men into animals?
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What role did the jury play in Athenian court proceedings?
What role did the jury play in Athenian court proceedings?
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How did Pericles contribute to the accessibility of Athenian democracy?
How did Pericles contribute to the accessibility of Athenian democracy?
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What was one result of the conquest of Athens by Macedonia in 338 BCE?
What was one result of the conquest of Athens by Macedonia in 338 BCE?
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What distinguishes direct democracy from representative democracy?
What distinguishes direct democracy from representative democracy?
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Why was direct democracy possible in Athens but not in most other countries?
Why was direct democracy possible in Athens but not in most other countries?
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Which leader is often credited with significantly impacting Athenian government, leading to the development of democracy?
Which leader is often credited with significantly impacting Athenian government, leading to the development of democracy?
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What characterized the Hellenistic period following the death of Alexander the Great?
What characterized the Hellenistic period following the death of Alexander the Great?
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What notable political change happened in Athens during the 320s BCE?
What notable political change happened in Athens during the 320s BCE?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Warfare
- Pre-Persian War: Independent city-states fought frequent, small-scale conflicts. No professional armies. Citizen soldiers fought seasonally.
- Post-Persian War: Larger alliances formed to combat massive Persian forces. Strategies shifted to include attrition, naval warfare, and sieges.
Greek Military Innovations
- Hoplites: Elite foot soldiers with heavy armor and weapons. Phalanx formation relied on unity and discipline. Success depended on training, bravery, and trust.
- Triremes: Fast, maneuverable warships with bronze rams, used ramming tactics.
Cultural and Historical Impacts
- The phalanx emphasized collective effort over individual heroics, redefining heroism.
- Wealth disparities impacted who could serve as hoplites.
- Innovations like the phalanx and triremes helped repel invasions, influencing mercenary services and later Roman conquest.
Philosophical Reflection
- Exploring ancient Greek conflicts helps understand why cultures engage in war, revealing cultural, economic, and strategic factors.
- Reflecting on past conflicts can guide efforts toward peace.
Causes of Conflicts
- Ionian Revolt (499-494 BCE): Greek city-states rebelled against Persian rule. Athens and Eretria provided limited aid. Persia's response sparked conflict.
Key Battles
- Marathon (490 BCE): Athenian forces (9,000) defeated a much larger Persian army (20,000). Highlighted democracy's role - Athenian citizens fought voluntarily. Pheidippides' run inspired the Marathon race.
- Thermopylae (480 BCE): Small Greek force (7,000, including 300 Spartans) bravely resisted a vast Persian army. Demonstrated courage and sacrifice.
Lessons and Significance
- Unity: Wars unified fractious Greek city-states against common enemies. However, rivalries re-emerged after the wars.
Evolution of Warfare
- Shift from small-scale skirmishes to total war involving mass invasions and attritional strategies.
Cultural Impact
- Victory in war bolstered Greek identity, democracy, and the belief in the superiority of their way of life.
The Aftermath (Delian League and Peloponnesian War)
- The Delian League was formed to defend against Persia but evolved into an Athenian empire.
- The Peloponnesian War was Sparta's response to Athenian dominance.
Greek Geography
- Mountainous terrain and scattered islands fostered independent city-states.
- Trading and cultural exchange were facilitated by the seas.
- Athens emphasized education, arts. Sparta prioritized military training.
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution of ancient Greek warfare from the pre-Persian War era to the rise of larger alliances and naval strategies. Dive into military innovations like the hoplite and triremes that shaped combat. This quiz reflects on the cultural impacts and philosophical implications of these ancient conflicts.
