Ancient Greek Warfare and Innovations

The most significant changes in Greek warfare after the Persian Wars included the emergence of larger alliances, the adoption of attrition tactics, the use of naval warfare, and the increased importance of sieges.

The Greek Phalanx Formation was a military formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder, relying on unity, discipline, training, bravery, and trust. This formation was designed to maximize defensive capabilities.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mountainous terrain and scattered islands that created natural barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>King Darius I sought to punish Athens for its support of the Ionian Revolt and expand the Persian Empire into Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miltiades</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pheidippides' run, a legendary feat of endurance, symbolizes determination and highlights the role of Athenian citizens in fighting voluntarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>King Xerxes I, driven by a desire for revenge and a ambition to subjugate the Greek city-states, led a massive invasion of Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Themistocles, an Athenian general, masterminded the Greek strategy at Salamis, using deception and tactical maneuvers to lure the Persian fleet into the narrow straits, where the Greek ships had a significant advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Greco-Persian Wars highlighted the importance of unity, strategy, and naval power in ancient warfare. They demonstrated that even a smaller, more strategically adept force could defeat a larger, more powerful enemy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After the fall of Troy, Odysseus and his men raided the Cicones in Ismarus, initially achieving success but ultimately succumbing to overindulgence in celebration, which resulted in a counterattack by the Cicones, forcing Odysseus's crew to retreat with casualties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The encounters with mythical creatures and gods in The Odyssey highlight themes of temptation, deception, cunning, and the role of divine intervention in shaping human destiny. They demonstrate the dangers of overconfidence, the importance of resilience, and the significance of seeking guidance from wisdom and prophecy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Minoan Civilization, an early Greek civilization of the Bronze Age, influenced the development of ancient Greek culture, art, and architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Palace of Knossos served as the Minoan people's center of religious, political, and economic authority. It housed a complex architectural design, including a monumental staircase, a theater, bathrooms, toilets, and a drainage system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The volcanic eruption on the Greek island of Thera, now known as Santorini, had a profound impact on the Minoan Civilization, potentially contributing to its decline. The eruption caused significant destruction and may have led to climate change, affecting the Minoan economy and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The myth of the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull creature imprisoned in a labyrinth, exemplifies the themes of sacrifice, courage, and the triumph of good over evil. It is a tale of cunning, determination, and the overcoming of seemingly insurmountable odds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Peloponnesian War was primarily caused by the growing rivalry and tensions between Athens and Sparta. Athens's expanding empire and imperialism, coupled with Sparta's fear of losing influence, fueled the conflict. This historical conflict had a lasting impact on the political landscape of ancient Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main phases of the Peloponnesian War were the Archidamian War, the Peace of Nicias, the Sicilian Expedition, and the Ionian War. Each phase had its own specific characteristics and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The war significantly weakened the unity of the Greek city-states and paved the way for the rise of Macedon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solon's reforms banned enslaving for people who could not pay their debts and granted citizenship to all free men of Athens. This helped to alleviate social unrest and instability, improving the lives of many Athenians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peisistratos established a tyranny in Athens, a form of government where a single ruler held absolute power, often through coercion and suppression of opposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peisistratos employed a combination of political cunning, economic policies, and cultural initiatives to maintain his power and appease the Athenian populace. He invested in infrastructure, organized festivals and games, and made efforts to improve the lives of ordinary citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes played a pivotal role in establishing Athenian democracy by replacing the aristocracy with a new form of government that emphasized citizen participation and empowerment, establishing a system where citizens held the ultimate power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes's democracy differed from earlier systems by shifting political power away from a small group of aristocrats to the broader population, encompassing a wider range of Athenian citizens and emphasizing the importance of equal representation and citizen participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes's democracy was based on key principles of citizen participation, power sharing, and inclusivity. It involved organizing Athens into tribes, establishing the Council of 500, and opening the Assembly to all male citizens, fostering a sense of collective decision-making and citizen empowerment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Cleisthenes's democracy, citizenship was granted exclusively to adult males who were free, born to parents who were also Athenian citizens, and had completed their military training. This exclusionary system emphasizes the limited scope of democratic participation in ancient Athens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Assembly served as the central decision-making body in Athenian democracy. All male citizens had the right to participate and vote on laws, policies, and major issues, such as war and peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decisions were made in Assembly meetings through a process of discussion and voting. After deliberation on an issue, citizens voted by raising their hands, and decisions were passed if they received a majority vote. This demonstrates a direct and participatory approach to governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Council of 500 was responsible for setting the agenda for Assembly meetings, discussing legislation, and ensuring that decisions were carried out. It consisted of 500 members, with 50 representing each of the ten tribes, chosen by lottery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Athenian court cases were decided by large juries selected by lot. Both the prosecutor and defendant presented their cases to the jury without legal representation. The majority vote of the jurors determined guilt or innocence, and if found guilty, the jury also decided the punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pericles made significant contributions to Athenian democracy by introducing the payment of jurors and those involved in public service. This innovation ensured that citizens from all walks of life could participate in the judicial process and contribute to the functioning of democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Athens lost its independent democracy in 338 BCE when it was conquered by Macedon, under King Philip II, at the Battle of Chaeronea. This marked the end of Athenian dominance and the rise of Macedon as the dominant power in Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander the Great's conquest of Greece, followed by the subsequent Macedonian dominance, led to a weakening of Athenian democracy. While Athens maintained its democratic system, its independence was limited as Macedonian kings held ultimate power, setting the stage for the eventual demise of Athenian democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct democracy involves all citizens voting directly on laws and policies, while representative democracy involves citizens electing representatives who make decisions on their behalf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Athens was able to employ a direct democracy due to its relatively small population, which allowed all citizens to gather in one location to discuss and vote on various issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleisthenes's reforms, known as the creation of democracy, profoundly altered the political landscape of Athens. He replaced the aristocracy with a system where citizens had a voice. By dividing Athens into tribes, establishing the Council of 500, and opening the Assembly to all male citizens, Cleisthenes created a more inclusive and participatory system. He laid the foundation for a more democratic society, which later influenced political systems across the globe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hellenistic period, lasting from 323 BCE to 31 BCE, was characterized by the spread of Greek culture and influence to new regions, the rise of major Hellenistic kingdoms (Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Antigonid), and significant advancements in science, art, and philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major kingdoms that emerged during the Hellenistic period were the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire, and the Antigonid Kingdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the Hellenistic period, the Greek city-states faced a period of transition and ultimately absorption into the expanding Hellenistic kingdoms. Some formed leagues like the Achaean League or the Aetolian League, but most eventually fell under the rule of the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, or Antigonid kingdoms, ultimately contributing to the eventual collapse of the independent city-state system in Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Art and architecture during the Hellenistic period witnessed a shift towards realism and emotional expression. Sculptural works became more naturalistic and detailed, while architecture embraced larger scale and grandeur, as seen in the Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Altar of Zeus in Pergamon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hellenistic period witnessed remarkable advancements in science, engineering, and mathematics. Eratosthenes accurately calculated the Earth's circumference. Hipparchus developed a more accurate way to map out the stars, advancing astronomical knowledge. The period also saw innovations in engineering with the construction of complex structures and advancements in hydraulics and mechanics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two major philosophical schools that emerged during the Hellenistic period were Stoicism and Epicureanism. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, emphasized virtue, rationality, living in harmony with nature's order, and finding inner peace regardless of external circumstances. Epicureanism, founded by Epicurus, promoted seeking pleasure (the absence of pain), avoiding fear, and living a simple life.</p> Signup and view all the answers