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Questions and Answers
Which ancient Greek philosophers argued that matter was composed of small, finite particles called atomos?
Which ancient Greek philosophers argued that matter was composed of small, finite particles called atomos?
- Heraclitus and Anaximander
- Leucippus and Democritus (correct)
- Aristotle and Socrates
- Plato and Pythagoras
What did Leucippus and Democritus call the small, finite particles that they believed all matter was composed of?
What did Leucippus and Democritus call the small, finite particles that they believed all matter was composed of?
- Elements
- Molecules
- Particulates
- Atomos (correct)
Which Greek philosophers thought of atoms as moving particles that could join together?
Which Greek philosophers thought of atoms as moving particles that could join together?
- Plato and Parmenides
- Aristotle and Socrates
- Leucippus and Democritus (correct)
- Pythagoras and Heraclitus
Who proposed the view that matter consisted of various combinations of the four 'elements'—fire, earth, air, and water?
Who proposed the view that matter consisted of various combinations of the four 'elements'—fire, earth, air, and water?
Which English schoolteacher revolutionized chemistry with his hypothesis about the behavior of matter being explained using an atomic theory?
Which English schoolteacher revolutionized chemistry with his hypothesis about the behavior of matter being explained using an atomic theory?
What did John Dalton propose about matter in his atomic theory?
What did John Dalton propose about matter in his atomic theory?
In Dalton's atomic theory, what is defined as the smallest unit of an element that can undergo a chemical change?
In Dalton's atomic theory, what is defined as the smallest unit of an element that can undergo a chemical change?
What did Aristotle and others believe made up the composition of matter?
What did Aristotle and others believe made up the composition of matter?
How did Leucippus and Democritus describe atoms in their hypothesis?
How did Leucippus and Democritus describe atoms in their hypothesis?
What was the term for small, finite particles proposed by Leucippus and Democritus?
What was the term for small, finite particles proposed by Leucippus and Democritus?
Which ancient Greek philosopher proposed that all matter was composed of small, finite particles called atomos?
Which ancient Greek philosopher proposed that all matter was composed of small, finite particles called atomos?
Which ancient Greek philosopher believed that atoms were indivisible and differed in shape and size?
Which ancient Greek philosopher believed that atoms were indivisible and differed in shape and size?
Which philosopher, in contrast to Leucippus and Democritus, thought that matter was composed of combinations of the four elements?
Which philosopher, in contrast to Leucippus and Democritus, thought that matter was composed of combinations of the four elements?
Which scientist helped revolutionize chemistry by proposing that the behavior of matter could be explained using an atomic theory?
Which scientist helped revolutionize chemistry by proposing that the behavior of matter could be explained using an atomic theory?
What did Aristotle and others believe could be infinitely divided and made up matter?
What did Aristotle and others believe could be infinitely divided and made up matter?
In Dalton's atomic theory, what is defined as the smallest unit of an element that can participate in a chemical change?
In Dalton's atomic theory, what is defined as the smallest unit of an element that can participate in a chemical change?
Contrary to Aristotle's view, Leucippus and Democritus envisioned atoms as:
Contrary to Aristotle's view, Leucippus and Democritus envisioned atoms as:
According to Dalton’s atomic theory, why is it impossible to break down an element like copper into simpler substances?
According to Dalton’s atomic theory, why is it impossible to break down an element like copper into simpler substances?
Which law is demonstrated by the observation that all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass?
Which law is demonstrated by the observation that all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass?
Why does the law of multiple proportions state that when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small, whole numbers?
Why does the law of multiple proportions state that when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small, whole numbers?
How is the concept of the law of constant composition related to the law of definite proportions?
How is the concept of the law of constant composition related to the law of definite proportions?
Why do samples that have the same mass ratio not necessarily represent the same substance, as seen with isooctane?
Why do samples that have the same mass ratio not necessarily represent the same substance, as seen with isooctane?
What does a 2-to-1 ratio, as seen in copper-chlorine compounds, suggest about the atomic composition?
What does a 2-to-1 ratio, as seen in copper-chlorine compounds, suggest about the atomic composition?
How does Dalton's atomic theory explain the observation that atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change?
How does Dalton's atomic theory explain the observation that atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change?
Why is it significant to note that different samples of isooctane possess a carbon-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 5.33:1?
Why is it significant to note that different samples of isooctane possess a carbon-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 5.33:1?
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Study Notes
Ancient Greek Philosophers and the Concept of Atoms
- Ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus argued that matter was composed of small, finite particles called atomos, derived from the Greek word for “indivisible”.
- These particles differed in shape and size and could join together.
Aristotle's View of Matter
- Aristotle and others believed that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements”—fire, earth, air, and water—and could be infinitely divided.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory
- Matter is composed of exceedingly small particles called atoms.
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can participate in a chemical change.
- An element consists of only one type of atom, which has a mass that is characteristic of the element and is the same for all atoms of that element.
- A macroscopic sample of an element contains an incredibly large number of atoms, all of which have identical chemical properties.
- Atoms of one element differ in properties from atoms of all other elements.
- A compound consists of atoms of two or more elements combined in a small, whole-number ratio.
- In a given compound, the numbers of atoms of each of its elements are always present in the same ratio.
- Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change, but are instead rearranged to yield substances that are different from those present before the change.
Dalton's Contributions
- Dalton provided a microscopic explanation of the many macroscopic properties of matter.
- His theory explained the law of conservation of matter, which states that the total mass of matter present when matter changes from one type to another will remain constant.
- Dalton's theory was supported by the experiments of French chemist Joseph Proust, who demonstrated that all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass (law of definite proportions or the law of constant composition).
- Dalton used data from Proust and his own experiments to formulate the law of multiple proportions, which states that when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small, whole numbers.
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