Ancient and Medieval Psychology

Ancient Civilizations (500 BCE - 500 CE)

• Philosophy and psychology were closely linked
• Plato and Aristotle's ideas on the mind and behavior
  • Plato: mind-body dualism, innate knowledge, and the concept of the psyche
  • Aristotle: empiricism, the concept of the soul, and the importance of observation

Middle Ages (500 - 1500 CE)

• Influence of Christianity and the Church on psychological thought
• St. Augustine's concept of the soul and the role of faith in understanding human behavior
• Limited scientific progress due to the dominance of religious dogma

Renaissance and Enlightenment (1500 - 1800 CE)

• Revival of classical knowledge and the emergence of empiricism
• René Descartes' mind-body dualism and the concept of the mind as a thinking machine
• John Locke's tabula rasa theory and the role of experience in shaping behavior

Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (1800 - 1950 CE)

• Emergence of modern psychology as a distinct field
• Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory and the focus on conscious experience
• Functionalism: William James' emphasis on the practical applications of psychology
• Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud's theories on the unconscious mind and human behavior

Mid-20th Century (1950 - 1980 CE)

• Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning and the focus on observable behavior
• Humanistic psychology: Carl Rogers' person-centered approach and the emphasis on personal growth
• Cognitive psychology: Ulric Neisser's information-processing approach and the study of mental processes

Late 20th Century (1980 - 2000 CE)

• Cognitive revolution: the rise of cognitive psychology and the study of mental processes
• Neuroscience: the integration of psychology and neurobiology
• Cultural and social psychology: the importance of cultural and social factors in shaping behavior

Contemporary Psychology (2000 CE - present)

• Integrative approaches: combining biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior
• Evidence-based practice: the importance of empirical research in informing psychological theories and interventions
• Globalization and diversity: the need to consider cultural and individual differences in psychological theories and practices

Ancient Civilizations (500 BCE - 500 CE)

• Philosophy and psychology were closely linked during this period
• Plato believed in mind-body dualism, innate knowledge, and the concept of the psyche
• Plato's ideas emphasized the importance of the mind and eternal knowledge
• Aristotle's empiricism focused on observation and experience to understand human behavior
• Aristotle's concept of the soul emphasized the role of reason and the importance of senses

Middle Ages (500 - 1500 CE)

• The Church and Christianity heavily influenced psychological thought during this period
• St. Augustine's concept of the soul emphasized the role of faith in understanding human behavior
• The dominance of religious dogma limited scientific progress in psychology
• The focus was on the soul and the afterlife rather than human behavior and the mind

Renaissance and Enlightenment (1500 - 1800 CE)

• Classical knowledge was revived during this period, leading to the emergence of empiricism
• René Descartes' mind-body dualism viewed the mind as a thinking machine
• Descartes' ideas emphasized the importance of reason and individualism
• John Locke's tabula rasa theory proposed that the mind is a blank slate shaped by experience
• Locke's ideas emphasized the role of environment and experience in shaping behavior

Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (1800 - 1950 CE)

• Modern psychology emerged as a distinct field during this period
• Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory marked the beginning of structuralism
• Structuralism focused on conscious experience and the breakdown of mental processes
• William James' functionalism emphasized the practical applications of psychology
• Functionalism focused on the function and purpose of consciousness
• Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis proposed the existence of the unconscious mind
• Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of the unconscious in shaping behavior

Mid-20th Century (1950 - 1980 CE)

• B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning marked the beginning of behaviorism
• Behaviorism focused on observable behavior and the environment
• Carl Rogers' person-centered approach emphasized personal growth and self-actualization
• Humanistic psychology focused on the inherent worth of individuals
• Ulric Neisser's information-processing approach marked the beginning of cognitive psychology
• Cognitive psychology focused on the study of mental processes and information processing

Late 20th Century (1980 - 2000 CE)

• The cognitive revolution marked a shift towards the study of mental processes
• Neuroscience integrated psychology and neurobiology to understand human behavior
• Cultural and social psychology emphasized the importance of cultural and social factors
• The need to consider cultural and social factors in understanding human behavior increased

Contemporary Psychology (2000 CE - present)

• Integrative approaches combine biological, psychological, and social factors to understand human behavior
• Evidence-based practice emphasizes the importance of empirical research in informing theories and interventions
• Globalization and diversity have increased the need to consider cultural and individual differences
• Contemporary psychology acknowledges the complexity of human behavior and the need for multidisciplinary approaches