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The left kidney is related anteriorly to the area of the pancreas (tail).
True
The right kidney is related anteriorly to the area of the liver.
True
The left kidney is related anteriorly to the area of the jejunum.
True
The right kidney is related anteriorly to the area of the hepatic flexure of the colon.
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The kidney has three capsules: true or false?
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The perirenal fascia arises from the postvertebral fascia: true or false?
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The false capsule divides into three layers: true or false?
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The right kidney is related anteriorly to the area of the duodenum (2nd part).
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The ureters receive arterial supply from the internal iliac artery.
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The suprarenal glands do not have a venous drainage system.
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The arterial supply of the suprarenal glands comes from the superior mesenteric artery.
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The urinary bladder has no lymphatic drainage.
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The male urethra is longer than the female urethra.
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The kidneys are responsible for maintaining the balance of vitamins in the body.
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The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the parietal structures of the abdomen.
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The bulbourethral glands are present in the female urethra.
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The renal arteries arise from the medial aspect of the abdominal aorta.
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The right renal artery passes anteriorly to the inferior caval vein.
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The renal arteries give rise to the superior suprarenal arteries inside the kidney.
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The renal arteries divide into four segments within the renal sinus.
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Each interlobar artery enters a renal pyramid.
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The arcuate arteries run along the bases of the pyramids between the cortex and medulla.
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The arcuate arteries give off the interlobular arteries.
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The segmental arteries arise from the interlobar arteries.
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The internal sphincter of the bladder is formed by fibres of all layers running towards the neck of the bladder.
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In the female, with an empty bladder, the superior surface of the bladder is overlapped by the uterus.
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The inferolateral surfaces of the bladder in both male and female are positioned against the fat-filled retropubic space.
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The neck of the bladder in the male relates to the prostate, while in the female it relates to the pelvic diaphragms.
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The base of the bladder in the male is related to the seminal vesicles and ampullae of ductus deferens.
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The base of the bladder in the female relates to the posterior wall of the vagina.
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The urinary bladder is supplied by branches from the external iliac artery.
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The inferior vesical arteries arise from an umbilical artery branch from the internal iliac artery.
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The bulbourethral glands in males are located on either side of the urethra as it passes through the superficial perineal pouch.
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The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
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The female urethra originates at the base of the urinary bladder.
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The female urethra lies posteriorly to the vagina.
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The external urethral orifice in females is located between the labia majora.
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The female urethra does not pass through the perineal membrane.
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The female urethra has a supradiaphragmatic portion above the paraurethral glands.
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The female urethra can be divided into two parts according to the given text.
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What is the definitive oocyte known as?
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What happens to the male pronucleus morphologically as it approaches the female pronucleus?
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What must each pronucleus do after DNA synthesis in the two-cell zygote?
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When do the male and female pronuclei lose their nuclear envelopes?
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What follows chromosome organization on the spindle in preparation for a normal mitotic division?
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What happens to the luteal cells after the fourth month of pregnancy?
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What is the consequence of removing the corpus luteum of pregnancy before the fourth month?
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Which structure plays a significant role in collecting the oocyte and sweeping it into the uterine tube?
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What is the main function of the trophoblastic component of the placenta?
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During which phase of oocyte penetration does one spermatozoon penetrate the oocyte membrane while losing its plasma membrane?
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How many spermatozoa out of the 200 to 300 million normally deposited in the female genital tract reach the site of fertilization?
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What is the glycoprotein shell surrounding the egg called?
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What induces the acrosome reaction in sperm during fertilization?
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Which enzyme released from cortical granules lining the plasma membrane of the oocyte alters properties of the zona pellucida?
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What changes in the zona pellucida when the head of the sperm contacts the oocyte surface?
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What is the main factor responsible for the extrusion of the oocyte during ovulation?
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What is the specific enzyme activated by the high concentration of LH during ovulation?
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Which event triggers the release of the oocyte from the cumulus oophorus during ovulation?
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What is the immediate effect of the increase in prostaglandin levels during ovulation?
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
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What is the process by which male and female gametes fuse called?
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What happens to sperm motility after reaching the isthmus?
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What surrounds the egg and may produce chemoattractants for sperm?
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Which part of the female reproductive tract allows sperm to remain viable for several days?
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What is the primary mechanism that prevents polyspermy during the fertilization process?
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What is the role of lysosomal enzymes released from cortical oocyte granules during fertilization?
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During fertilization, which part of the sperm cell is involved in the actual fusion with the oocyte membrane?
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What happens to the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap during the acrosome reaction?
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What is the significance of integrins on the oocyte and their ligands, disintegrins, on sperm during fertilization?
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What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What hormone prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?
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What happens to the corpus luteum in pregnancy?
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What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin in maintaining the corpus luteum?
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What does the corpus albicans represent in the reproductive cycle?
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What causes a decrease in progesterone production leading to menstrual bleeding?
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Which cells differentiate into luteal cells after ovulation?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Relations of Kidneys
- Left kidney related to the tail of the pancreas and jejunum.
- Right kidney anteriorly related to the liver and hepatic flexure of the colon.
- Right kidney also related to the second part of the duodenum.
- Each kidney surrounded by three capsules.
Blood Supply and Structures
- Renal arteries arise from the medial abdominal aorta and divide into four segments within the renal sinus.
- Renal arteries give rise to superior suprarenal arteries.
- Internal iliac artery supplies arterial blood to the ureters and parietal structures of the abdomen.
- Arcuate arteries run along bases of renal pyramids and give rise to interlobular arteries.
- Interlobar arteries enter renal pyramids, and segmental arteries arise from interlobar arteries.
Urinary System Characteristics
- The urinary bladder has no lymphatic drainage; it receives blood supply from the external iliac artery.
- The male urethra is longer than the female urethra.
- Bulbourethral glands present in males, but not in females, are located in the superficial perineal pouch.
- Female urethra lies posterior to the vagina and does not pass through the perineal membrane.
Anatomy of the Bladder
- The base of the male bladder is related to seminal vesicles; in females, it is related to the posterior vagina wall.
- The internal sphincter of the bladder consists of fibers from all layers surrounding the bladder.
- In females, the superior surface of an empty bladder is overlapped by the uterus.
Reproductive Physiology
- The definitive oocyte is known as the secondary oocyte.
- Male pronucleus undergoes morphological changes approaching the female pronucleus for fertilization.
- Each pronucleus must prepare for fusion post-DNA synthesis in the zygote; nuclear envelopes are lost before mitotic division.
- Luteal cells change function after four months of pregnancy; the removal of the corpus luteum before this may lead to pregnancy complications.
Fertilization Process
- Fertilization occurs typically in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
- Male and female gametes fuse through a process called syngamy.
- Approximately only 200 to 300 spermatozoa reach the fertilization site from millions deposited.
- The glycoprotein shell surrounding the egg is called the zona pellucida.
- Acrosome reaction in sperm is induced during fertilization by the egg’s environment.
Sperm Interaction Mechanisms
- Cortical granules release enzymes that modify zona pellucida properties, preventing polyspermy.
- Following ovulation, prostaglandin levels increase, promoting uterine contractions for oocyte release.
- Integrins on the oocyte and disintegrins on sperm facilitate fusion during fertilization.
Hormonal Regulation
- Human chorionic gonadotropin maintains the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs.
- If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans, leading to decreased progesterone and menstrual bleeding.
- Luteal cells differentiate from follicular cells after ovulation, ensuring hormone production during early pregnancy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the constrictions of the ureters, arterial supply of the ureters, and the anatomy of the suprarenal glands, including their arterial supply and venous drainage.
