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Questions and Answers
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons?
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons?
The direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system.
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?
Both the electrical and chemical gradients.
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.
K+; Na+
In which direction is each ion pumped by the Na+-K+ pump?
In which direction is each ion pumped by the Na+-K+ pump?
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell?
Why are some forms of MS characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation?
Why are some forms of MS characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation?
Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons?
Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?
Which type of glial cell monitors the health of neurons and can transform into macrophages?
Which type of glial cell monitors the health of neurons and can transform into macrophages?
Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger cause a loss of sensation of touch?
Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger cause a loss of sensation of touch?
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the?
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the?
Which best characterizes depolarization?
Which best characterizes depolarization?
Which statement best describes exocytosis?
Which statement best describes exocytosis?
What conditions will increase the diffusion of neurotransmitters?
What conditions will increase the diffusion of neurotransmitters?
Which best represents synaptic transmission?
Which best represents synaptic transmission?
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the?
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the?
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a?
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a?
What happens when calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal?
What happens when calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal?
What occurs when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the receiving neuron?
What occurs when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the receiving neuron?
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, what occurs?
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, what occurs?
Which is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Which is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?
Which neurotransmitter inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine?
Which neurotransmitter inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine?
Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?
Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.
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Study Notes
Neuron Classification and Function
- Neurons are functionally classified based on the direction of the nerve impulse relative to the central nervous system.
- Neurotransmitter release and receptor binding influence neuronal activity, affecting whether an action potential is generated.
Action Potentials and Ion Movement
- During depolarization, sodium ions (Na+) move into the cell driven by both electrical and chemical gradients.
- Resting neuron membranes are highly permeable to potassium ions (K+) but only slightly to sodium ions (Na+).
- The Na+-K+ pump actively transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell to offset ion leakage.
- The absolute refractory period refers to the time after an initial stimulus during which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus.
Molecular Mechanisms in Neural Activity
- Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, inhibiting action potential generation despite activation of mechanically gated ion channels.
- Exocytosis involves membrane organelles fusing with the membrane, releasing contents out of the cell.
Synaptic Transmission
- The synaptic cleft is the small gap between the sending and receiving neurons where neurotransmission occurs.
- Calcium ions entering the synaptic terminal trigger vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the sending neuron's plasma membrane.
Neurotransmitters and Their Effects
- Acetylcholine acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle.
- Endorphins are neurotransmitters that inhibit pain, mimicking the effects of substances like morphine and heroin.
- Intensity of neuronal signaling can be influenced by the quantity of neurotransmitter released at synapses.
Neuronal Structure and Support
- Neurofibrils are important bundles of neurofilaments that help maintain the shape and integrity of neurons.
- Microglia are glial cells that support neurons' health and can act as macrophages during injury.
Neuronal Circuit Patterns
- Reverberating circuits are associated with controlling rhythmic activities, such as breathing.
Neural Development
- Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) play a critical role in developing neural connections.
Ion Concentrations
- Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions have the highest concentrations outside the cell, influencing membrane potential and action potential generation.
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