Nervous System Functions and Neuron Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Sensory input, integration, motor output.

What part of the neuron contains the organelles?

  • Axon terminal
  • Cell body (correct)
  • Dendrites
  • Axon

    • The myelin sheath covers the dendrites of a neuron.

    False

    What is the purpose of the Node of Ranvier?

    <p>Makes the transfer of information faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is the most common?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the support cells with their functions:

    <p>Astrocytes = Provide blood-brain barrier Microglia = Phagocytes that protect the brain Oligodendrocytes = Produce myelin sheath in CNS Schwann cells = Form myelin sheath in PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its function?

    <p>CSF protects the spinal cord from shock and supplies nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signs of multiple sclerosis include slurred speech and fatigue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is resting membrane potential?

    <p>The voltage across a resting neuron's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

    <p>Sensory input, integration, motor output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is most common?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Astrocytes are responsible for producing myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ protects the brain from trauma and supplies nutrients to the nervous system.

    <p>cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>The immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells protect neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential?

    <p>The voltage across a non-signaling neuron's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Functions

    • Sensory input: Gathering information about changes inside and outside the body (stimuli).
    • Integration: Processing and interpreting sensory input to decide if action is needed.
    • Motor output: Responding to integrated stimuli by activating muscles or glands.
    • Maintaining homeostasis: Regulating internal body conditions.
    • Establishing and maintaining mental activity: Supporting cognitive functions.

    Neuron Anatomy

    • Cell body: The center of the neuron containing organelles.
    • Dendrites: Conduct impulses towards the cell body.
    • Axons: Conduct impulses away from the cell body.
    • Myelin sheath: Covers the axon and speeds up neural impulses.
    • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate faster information transfer.
    • Axon terminal: Forms junctions with other cells.

    Types of Neurons

    • Bipolar: Rare, found in the retina of the eye and ganglia.
    • Unipolar: Also known as pseudo unipolar, originates as bipolar.
    • Multipolar: The most common type.

    Support Cells in Nervous Tissue

    • Astrocytes (CNS): Star-shaped cells that encircle blood vessels and nerves, forming the blood-brain barrier.
    • Microglia (CNS): Spider-like phagocytes that protect nervous tissue.
    • Ependymal cells (CNS):
      • Nonciliated: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      • Ciliated: Responsible for transporting or circulating CSF.
    • Oligodendrocytes (CNS): Produce myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
    • Satellite cells (PNS): Protect neuron cell bodies.
    • Schwann cells (PNS): Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Fluid in the spinal cord that protects it from shock, supplies nutrients to the nervous system, and removes waste products.

    Blood-Brain Barrier

    • Formed by astrocytes, it controls the passage of substances from the blood into the brain.

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • A potentially disabling disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.
    • The immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering axons.
    • Symptoms include:
      • Numbness or weakness in limbs.
      • Vision loss.
      • Double vision.
      • Tingling or pain.
      • Electric shock sensations.
      • Tremor, lack of coordination.
      • Slurred speech.
      • Fatigue, dizziness.

    Key Features of the Brain and Spinal Cord

    • Bone: The skull protects the brain, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord. The meninges are the inner membranes.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid: Protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma, provides nutrients, and removes waste products
    • Astrocytes: Contribute to the blood-brain barrier and aid in post-traumatic repair.
    • Tissues:
      • Gray matter: Contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals.
      • White matter: Composed of axons connecting different parts of gray matter.

    Resting Membrane Potential

    • A resting neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential.
    • It is determined by ion concentration differences between the inside and outside of the neuron.

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • Sensory input: Gathering information from inside and outside the body about changes (stimuli).
    • Integration: Processing and interpreting sensory input to decide if an action is needed.
    • Motor output: Activating muscles or glands in response to integrated stimuli.
    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
    • Mental activity: Establishing and maintaining cognitive functions.

    Neuron Anatomy

    • Cell body: The central part of the neuron containing organelles.
    • Dendrites: Extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body.
    • Axons: Extensions that conduct impulses away from the cell body.
    • Myelin sheath: A fatty covering that insulates the axon and increases the speed of neural impulses.
    • Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for faster transfer of information.
    • Axon terminal: The end of the axon where it forms junctions with other cells.

    Types of Neurons

    • Bipolar neurons: Rare, found in the retina of the eye and ganglia.
    • Unipolar neurons: Also called "pseudo unipolar," originating as bipolar.
    • Multipolar neurons: The most common type, with multiple dendrites.

    Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

    • Astrocytes (CNS): Star-shaped cells that surround blood vessels and nerves, forming the blood-brain barrier.
    • Microglia (CNS): Spider-like phagocytes that engulf and destroy microorganisms.
    • Ependymal cells (CNS): Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.
      • Nonciliated: Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      • Ciliated: Assist in the circulation of CSF.
    • Oligodendrocytes (CNS): Produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
    • Satellite cells (PNS): Protect neuron cell bodies.
    • Schwann cells (PNS): Form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Protects the brain and spinal cord from shock.
    • Supplies nutrients to the nervous system.
    • Removes waste products from the brain and spinal cord.

    Blood-Brain Barrier

    • Formed by astrocytes.
    • Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain.

    Multiple Sclerosis

    • A potentially disabling disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
    • The immune system attacks the myelin sheath that covers axons.
    • Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, vision problems, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination.

    Features of the Brain

    • Bone:
      • Cranium: Protects the brain.   - Vertebrae: Protects the spinal chord.
      • Meninges: Inner membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid: Protects the brain and spinal cord, supplies nutrients, and removes waste.
    • Astrocytes: Form the blood-brain barrier, provide nutrients to nerve tissue, and participate in repair and scarring processes.
    • Tissues:
      • Gray matter: Contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axons.
      • White matter: Made of axons connecting different parts of the gray matter.

    Resting Membrane Potential

    • A neuron at rest has a voltage difference across its membrane called the resting membrane potential.
    • This potential is created by the uneven distribution of ions across the membrane.

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    NERVOUS System PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions of the nervous system, including sensory input, integration, and motor output. Understand neuron anatomy, including the roles of dendrites, axons, and myelin sheath in neural communication. This quiz covers the foundational concepts relevant to the structure and function of the nervous system.

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