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Questions and Answers

What muscle innervated by the Radial nerve originates from the tricipital line, inserts on the olecranon, and acts to both flex the shoulder and extend the elbow?

Biceps Brachii

Triceps Brachii (correct)

Deltoideus

Brachialis

Identify the muscle and its specific head that originates on the caudal scapular border, inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna, and acts to extend the elbow.

Deltoideus

Biceps Brachii

Triceps brachii long head (correct)

Triceps brachii lateral head

What muscle, innervated by the radial nerve, originates from the lateral humeral epicondyle, inserts on the accessory carpal bone and proximal metacarpal bone V?

Ulnaris Lateralis (correct)

Extensor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor Digitorum lateralis

Name the four branches of the axillary artery.

The four branches are the external thoracic artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery and the cranial circumflex humeral artery. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a branch of the brachial artery.

Caudal circumflex humeral a. Signup and view all the answers

Match the nerve to the muscle(s) it innervates.

Thoracodorsal n. = Latissimus dorsi m. Median n. = Pronator teres Axillary n. = Teres minor Musculocutaneous n. = Coracobrachialis m Signup and view all the answers

Match the following muscles or regions to the artery that supplies it/them.

Teres major = Thoracodorsal a. Cranial aspect of shoulder = Cranial circumflex humeral a. Caudal elbow area = Collateral ulnar a. Palmar surface of paw = Median a. Signup and view all the answers

What instrinsic muscle originates on the spine of the scapula ?

Deltoideus m Signup and view all the answers

This muscle on the antebrachium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It extends the carpal and phalangeal joints of digits II, III, IV and V. What artery supplies this?

Common interosseus a. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following description to it's vein.

Drains into both median cubital and brachial vv. = Median v. Forms connection between the cephalic v and the median or brachial v. = Median cubital v. Cranially located on the dorsum of paw and distal antebrachium; can also be used for venipuncture. = Accessory cephalic v. Is the continuation of the median v. in the brachial region = Brachial v. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does NOT have an affect on the shoulder?

Brachialis m Signup and view all the answers

List the muscles that ONLY stabalize the glenohumeral joint.

The teres major m and teres minor m are the only muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Signup and view all the answers

The combined overall effect of the muscles (supraspinatus m, infraspinatus m, subscapularis m, and coracobrachialis m ) helps extend the glenohumeral joint.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Tensor fasciae antebrachii m and aconeus m are essential to bearing weight on the forelimb, by keeping the humeroradioulnar joint extended.

False Signup and view all the answers

This structure keeps the biceps brachii m. in the intertubercular groove. What is the name of this fibrous band of tissue?

Transverse humeral retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct?

The middle carpal joint and carpometacarpal joint's synovial cavities communicate Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ joint is used for arthrocentesis.

Antebrachiocarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

All carpal joints lack collateral ligaments.

False Signup and view all the answers

This nerve innervates the flexors and stabalizers of the shoulder on the caudal scapular and shoulder. Which nerve is this?

Axillary n. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nerves to the muscles it innervates.

Suprascapular n. = Infraspinatus m. Lateral thoracic n. = Cutaneous trunci m. Musculocutaneous n. = Elbow flexors Median n. = Deep Digital flexor, Superficial Digital Flexor , among other muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Match the origins for each head of triceps.

Long head = Caudal border of scapula Accessory head = Neck of humerus Lateral head = Tricipital line of humerus Medial head = Crest of lesser tubercle Signup and view all the answers

Match the insertion of each head of the triceps

Medial head = Olecranon Accessory head = Olecranon tuber Long head = Olecranon tuber Lateral head = Olecranon tuber Signup and view all the answers

The two branches of the subscapular artery are:

Thoracodorsal and caudal circumflex a. Signup and view all the answers

The suspensory ligament has sensory innervation by the :

Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves Signup and view all the answers

How do large animals oppose gravity without expending lots of energy?

They do this via the Stay apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the stay apparatus in horses?

Reduce energy required to stand. Signup and view all the answers

The fetlock of a standing horse is in a state of flexion.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one way the stay apparatus contributes to movement efficiency.

Conserving energy. Signup and view all the answers

The stay apparatus helps horses _______ while standing.

rest Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the stay apparatus to their functions:

Stay apparatus = Reduce energy to stand Hyperextension of fetlock = Allows for stable standing Efficient movement = Conserve energy during movement Rest while standing = Minimize energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Match the description to the correct number associated with the equine bone

1 = Carpus 2 = Cannon bone with splint bones 3 = Pastern 4 = Coffin Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct anatomical description for number 4?

This is the coffin joint. Correctly described as the distal interphalangeal joint Signup and view all the answers

The radius and ulna bones in the equine are fused.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct medical term used to describe the joint in #6?

This is the fetlock joint. Also termed the metacarpophalangeal joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the layman’s term for #5? What is the correct medical term used to describe this joint?

the layman’s term is the Knee (aka carpus). The medical term used to describe this is the radiocarpal joint. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three joints that make up the radiocarpal joint in the equine?

the three joints are the antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint and the carpometacarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

What metacarpal bones in the equine are the splint bones? Select all that apply

Metacarpal II Signup and view all the answers

If the limb was left unsupported by the stay apparatus, what would happen to the jointed bony column of the thoracic limb?

It would collapse under the weight of the animal Signup and view all the answers

What are the equine exceptions for the scapula bone?

There is no acromion, has a palpable tuber, has an enlarged supraglenoid tubercle and has a rough dorsal border Signup and view all the answers

In the equine, the radius extends the full length of the antebrachium

False Signup and view all the answers

Which carpal bone in the equine solely rests on MCII?

Carpal II Signup and view all the answers

What is joint number 1?

This is the antebrachiocarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is joint number 2?

This is the intercarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

What is joint number 3?

It is the carpometacarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct term to the manus of the equine

Proximal phalanx = Long pastern bone Middle phalanx = Short pastern bone Distal phalanx = Coffin bone Distal sesamoid = Navicular bone Signup and view all the answers

The common digital extensor inserts on what surface of the distal phalanx in the Equine?

Parietal surface Signup and view all the answers

What muscle inserts on the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the equine?

DDF Signup and view all the answers

The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii engages on the to the humerus, making the shoulder joint unable to

Intermediate tubercle of humerus; flex Signup and view all the answers

The tension on the biceps brachii m is transmitted to the extensor carpi radialis m via the __________

Lacertus fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What border can you find the palmar carpal ligament in the horse?

Dorsal Signup and view all the answers

The palmar carpal ligament extends from the radius to the ___ metacarpus.

Distal; proximal Signup and view all the answers

What structure keeps the SDF and DDF in the carpal canal in the equine?

The palmar flexor retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

The palmar carpal ligament prevents hyperflexion of the carpus.

False Signup and view all the answers

The palmar flexor retinaculum holds the SDF and DDF tendons to the scutum

False Signup and view all the answers

What permits the greatest movement in the carpus for equines? (Select all that apply)

Radiocarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

What two joints in the “knee”of the horse communicate via a shared synovial cavity ? (Select all that apply)

Carpometacarpal joint Signup and view all the answers

The proximal check ligament attaches to the _______. (Type the answer out in sentence)

The proximal check ligament attaches to the superficial digital flexor m Signup and view all the answers

The distal check ligament correlates/attaches to the ________. (Type complete sentence out)

the distal check ligament attaches to the deep digital flexor m. Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle in the equine is referred to as the “suspensory ligament”?

the interosseous muscle Signup and view all the answers

The extensor branches of the interosseus muscle unite at the tendon of the _________

The extensor branches of the interosseus muscle unite at the tendon of the common digital extensor Signup and view all the answers

The interosseus muscle in the equine insert at the proximal sesamoids

True Signup and view all the answers

The junction between the hoof and the skin in an equine is known as

Coronet band (aka coronary band) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides the shiny coating to the hoof wall?

Perioplic dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following produces the hoof wall thickness?

Coronary dermis Signup and view all the answers

What are the three sesamoidean ligaments in the horse?

Straight , oblique, and cruciate ligament Signup and view all the answers

Despite the radius and ulna being fused, the equine/bovine can still pronate and supinate

False Signup and view all the answers

Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to downward forces ?

MC II Signup and view all the answers

Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to trauma?

MC IV Signup and view all the answers

List the correct order of arterial supply to the equine limb

Axillary, Brachial, Median, Medial Palmar, Medial and lateral Palmar digital Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main supply to the distal limb of the equine?

Median a. Signup and view all the answers

Broadly describe the branching of arterial supply starting from the median artery in the equine.

The median artery’s first branch is the radial artery. As the median artery continues, it branches into the medial palmar artery and lateral palmar artery. The medial palmar artery then branches into the palmar digital arteries. These are the lateral palmar digital artery and the medial palmar digital artery. Signup and view all the answers

The median artery changes names to medial/lateral palmar artery at the level of the ______

At the level of the carpus Signup and view all the answers

At what “level” does the medial/palmar arteries change to medial/lateral palmar digital arteries?

Level of fetlock Signup and view all the answers

What two nerves in the equine are at the level of the carpus?

the median and ulnar nerves are at the level of the carpus Signup and view all the answers

What nerves will you find at the level of the fetlock?

Medial/lateral palmar nerves and Medial/lateral palmar metacarpal nerves Signup and view all the answers

The median n splits into palmar and dorsal branches, while the ulnar n splits into medial and lateral palmar nerves

False Signup and view all the answers

Identify what each structure of the carpal canal holds down

Palmar annular ligament = Flexor manica (SDF) tendon of DDF Proximal Digital annular ligament = tendon of SDF and DDF Distal digital annular ligament = Tendon of DDF Flexor retinaculum = Prevents bowing of tendons during contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interosseous muscle?

Function is for flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Stay Apparatus

Reduces energy expenditure needed to maintain an upright standing position, allowing for rest while in a standing posture.
Enhances the efficiency of movement, leading to energy conservation during locomotion.

Standing Posture in Horses

Horses naturally maintain a hyperextended state in their fetlock joints while standing.
This hyperextension contributes to the stability and balance of the horse, enabling prolonged standing without fatigue.

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Identify musculoskelatal system of canine and equine, VAN and osteology.

GA Mock Practical

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Questions and Answers

What muscle innervated by the Radial nerve originates from the tricipital line, inserts on the olecranon, and acts to both flex the shoulder and extend the elbow?

Identify the muscle and its specific head that originates on the caudal scapular border, inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna, and acts to extend the elbow.

What muscle, innervated by the radial nerve, originates from the lateral humeral epicondyle, inserts on the accessory carpal bone and proximal metacarpal bone V?

Name the four branches of the axillary artery.

Which of the following is not a branch of the brachial artery.

Match the nerve to the muscle(s) it innervates.

Match the following muscles or regions to the artery that supplies it/them.

What instrinsic muscle originates on the spine of the scapula ?

This muscle on the antebrachium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It extends the carpal and phalangeal joints of digits II, III, IV and V. What artery supplies this?

Match the following description to it's vein.

Which of the following muscles does NOT have an affect on the shoulder?

List the muscles that ONLY stabalize the glenohumeral joint.

The combined overall effect of the muscles (supraspinatus m, infraspinatus m, subscapularis m, and coracobrachialis m ) helps extend the glenohumeral joint.

The Tensor fasciae antebrachii m and aconeus m are essential to bearing weight on the forelimb, by keeping the humeroradioulnar joint extended.

This structure keeps the biceps brachii m. in the intertubercular groove. What is the name of this fibrous band of tissue?

Which of the following statements is correct?

The ___________ joint is used for arthrocentesis.

All carpal joints lack collateral ligaments.

This nerve innervates the flexors and stabalizers of the shoulder on the caudal scapular and shoulder. Which nerve is this?

Match the following nerves to the muscles it innervates.

Match the origins for each head of triceps.

Match the insertion of each head of the triceps

The two branches of the subscapular artery are:

The suspensory ligament has sensory innervation by the :

How do large animals oppose gravity without expending lots of energy?

What is one of the main functions of the stay apparatus in horses?

The fetlock of a standing horse is in a state of flexion.

Name one way the stay apparatus contributes to movement efficiency.

The stay apparatus helps horses _______ while standing.

Match the components of the stay apparatus to their functions:

Match the description to the correct number associated with the equine bone

What is the correct anatomical description for number 4?

The radius and ulna bones in the equine are fused.

What is the correct medical term used to describe the joint in #6?

What is the layman’s term for #5? What is the correct medical term used to describe this joint?

What are the three joints that make up the radiocarpal joint in the equine?

What metacarpal bones in the equine are the splint bones? Select all that apply

If the limb was left unsupported by the stay apparatus, what would happen to the jointed bony column of the thoracic limb?

What are the equine exceptions for the scapula bone?

In the equine, the radius extends the full length of the antebrachium

Which carpal bone in the equine solely rests on MCII?

What is joint number 1?

What is joint number 2?

What is joint number 3?

Match the correct term to the manus of the equine

The common digital extensor inserts on what surface of the distal phalanx in the Equine?

What muscle inserts on the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the equine?

The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii engages on the ________ to the humerus, making the shoulder joint unable to ________

The tension on the biceps brachii m is transmitted to the extensor carpi radialis m via the __________

What border can you find the palmar carpal ligament in the horse?

The palmar carpal ligament extends from the ____ radius to the _______ metacarpus.

What structure keeps the SDF and DDF in the carpal canal in the equine?

The palmar carpal ligament prevents hyperflexion of the carpus.

The palmar flexor retinaculum holds the SDF and DDF tendons to the scutum

What permits the greatest movement in the carpus for equines? (Select all that apply)

What two joints in the “knee”of the horse communicate via a shared synovial cavity ? (Select all that apply)

The proximal check ligament attaches to the _______. (Type the answer out in sentence)

The distal check ligament correlates/attaches to the ________. (Type complete sentence out)

What is muscle in the equine is referred to as the “suspensory ligament”?

The extensor branches of the interosseus muscle unite at the tendon of the _________

The interosseus muscle in the equine insert at the proximal sesamoids

The junction between the hoof and the skin in an equine is known as

Which of the following provides the shiny coating to the hoof wall?

Which of the following produces the hoof wall thickness?

What are the three sesamoidean ligaments in the horse?

Despite the radius and ulna being fused, the equine/bovine can still pronate and supinate

Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to downward forces ?

Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to trauma?

List the correct order of arterial supply to the equine limb

Which of the following is the main supply to the distal limb of the equine?

Broadly describe the branching of arterial supply starting from the median artery in the equine.

The median artery changes names to medial/lateral palmar artery at the level of the ______

At what “level” does the medial/palmar arteries change to medial/lateral palmar digital arteries?

What two nerves in the equine are at the level of the carpus?

What nerves will you find at the level of the fetlock?

The median n splits into palmar and dorsal branches, while the ulnar n splits into medial and lateral palmar nerves

Identify what each structure of the carpal canal holds down

The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii engages on the to the humerus, making the shoulder joint unable to

The palmar carpal ligament extends from the radius to the ___ metacarpus.

Anatomy & Physiology: Musculoskeletal System