GA Mock Practical
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Questions and Answers

What muscle innervated by the Radial nerve originates from the tricipital line, inserts on the olecranon, and acts to both flex the shoulder and extend the elbow?

  • Biceps Brachii
  • Triceps Brachii (correct)
  • Deltoideus
  • Brachialis

    • Identify the muscle and its specific head that originates on the caudal scapular border, inserts onto the olecranon process of the ulna, and acts to extend the elbow.

  • Deltoideus
  • Biceps Brachii
  • Triceps brachii long head (correct)
  • Triceps brachii lateral head

    • What muscle, innervated by the radial nerve, originates from the lateral humeral epicondyle, inserts on the accessory carpal bone and proximal metacarpal bone V?

  • Ulnaris Lateralis (correct)
  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Extensor Digitorum lateralis

    • Name the four branches of the axillary artery.

    <p>The four branches are the external thoracic artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery and the cranial circumflex humeral artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a branch of the brachial artery.

    <p>Caudal circumflex humeral a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nerve to the muscle(s) it innervates.

    <p>Thoracodorsal n. = Latissimus dorsi m. Median n. = Pronator teres Axillary n. = Teres minor Musculocutaneous n. = Coracobrachialis m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscles or regions to the artery that supplies it/them.

    <p>Teres major = Thoracodorsal a. Cranial aspect of shoulder = Cranial circumflex humeral a. Caudal elbow area = Collateral ulnar a. Palmar surface of paw = Median a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrinsic muscle originates on the spine of the scapula ?

    <p>Deltoideus m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This muscle on the antebrachium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It extends the carpal and phalangeal joints of digits II, III, IV and V. What artery supplies this?

    <p>Common interosseus a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following description to it's vein.

    <p>Drains into both median cubital and brachial vv. = Median v. Forms connection between the cephalic v and the median or brachial v. = Median cubital v. Cranially located on the dorsum of paw and distal antebrachium; can also be used for venipuncture. = Accessory cephalic v. Is the continuation of the median v. in the brachial region = Brachial v.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles does NOT have an affect on the shoulder?

    <p>Brachialis m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the muscles that ONLY stabalize the glenohumeral joint.

    <p>The teres major m and teres minor m are the only muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combined overall effect of the muscles (supraspinatus m, infraspinatus m, subscapularis m, and coracobrachialis m ) helps extend the glenohumeral joint.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tensor fasciae antebrachii m and aconeus m are essential to bearing weight on the forelimb, by keeping the humeroradioulnar joint extended.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This structure keeps the biceps brachii m. in the intertubercular groove. What is the name of this fibrous band of tissue?

    <p>Transverse humeral retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct?

    <p>The middle carpal joint and carpometacarpal joint's synovial cavities communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ joint is used for arthrocentesis.

    <p>Antebrachiocarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All carpal joints lack collateral ligaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This nerve innervates the flexors and stabalizers of the shoulder on the caudal scapular and shoulder. Which nerve is this?

    <p>Axillary n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nerves to the muscles it innervates.

    <p>Suprascapular n. = Infraspinatus m. Lateral thoracic n. = Cutaneous trunci m. Musculocutaneous n. = Elbow flexors Median n. = Deep Digital flexor, Superficial Digital Flexor , among other muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the origins for each head of triceps.

    <p>Long head = Caudal border of scapula Accessory head = Neck of humerus Lateral head = Tricipital line of humerus Medial head = Crest of lesser tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the insertion of each head of the triceps

    <p>Medial head = Olecranon Accessory head = Olecranon tuber Long head = Olecranon tuber Lateral head = Olecranon tuber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two branches of the subscapular artery are:

    <p>Thoracodorsal and caudal circumflex a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suspensory ligament has sensory innervation by the :

    <p>Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do large animals oppose gravity without expending lots of energy?

    <p>They do this via the Stay apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the stay apparatus in horses?

    <p>Reduce energy required to stand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fetlock of a standing horse is in a state of flexion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one way the stay apparatus contributes to movement efficiency.

    <p>Conserving energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stay apparatus helps horses _______ while standing.

    <p>rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the stay apparatus to their functions:

    <p>Stay apparatus = Reduce energy to stand Hyperextension of fetlock = Allows for stable standing Efficient movement = Conserve energy during movement Rest while standing = Minimize energy expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the description to the correct number associated with the equine bone

    <p>1 = Carpus 2 = Cannon bone with splint bones 3 = Pastern 4 = Coffin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct anatomical description for number 4?

    <p>This is the coffin joint. Correctly described as the distal interphalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The radius and ulna bones in the equine are fused.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct medical term used to describe the joint in #6?

    <p>This is the fetlock joint. Also termed the metacarpophalangeal joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layman’s term for #5? What is the correct medical term used to describe this joint?

    <p>the layman’s term is the Knee (aka carpus). The medical term used to describe this is the radiocarpal joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three joints that make up the radiocarpal joint in the equine?

    <p>the three joints are the antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint and the carpometacarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metacarpal bones in the equine are the splint bones? Select all that apply

    <p>Metacarpal II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the limb was left unsupported by the stay apparatus, what would happen to the jointed bony column of the thoracic limb?

    <p>It would collapse under the weight of the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the equine exceptions for the scapula bone?

    <p>There is no acromion, has a palpable tuber, has an enlarged supraglenoid tubercle and has a rough dorsal border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equine, the radius extends the full length of the antebrachium

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carpal bone in the equine solely rests on MCII?

    <p>Carpal II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is joint number 1?

    <p>This is the antebrachiocarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is joint number 2?

    <p>This is the intercarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is joint number 3?

    <p>It is the carpometacarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the correct term to the manus of the equine

    <p>Proximal phalanx = Long pastern bone Middle phalanx = Short pastern bone Distal phalanx = Coffin bone Distal sesamoid = Navicular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common digital extensor inserts on what surface of the distal phalanx in the Equine?

    <p>Parietal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle inserts on the flexor surface of the distal phalanx in the equine?

    <p>DDF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii engages on the ________ to the humerus, making the shoulder joint unable to ________

    <p>Intermediate tubercle of humerus; flex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tension on the biceps brachii m is transmitted to the extensor carpi radialis m via the __________

    <p>Lacertus fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What border can you find the palmar carpal ligament in the horse?

    <p>Dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palmar carpal ligament extends from the ____ radius to the _______ metacarpus.

    <p>Distal; proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure keeps the SDF and DDF in the carpal canal in the equine?

    <p>The palmar flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palmar carpal ligament prevents hyperflexion of the carpus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palmar flexor retinaculum holds the SDF and DDF tendons to the scutum

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What permits the greatest movement in the carpus for equines? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Radiocarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two joints in the “knee”of the horse communicate via a shared synovial cavity ? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Carpometacarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proximal check ligament attaches to the _______. (Type the answer out in sentence)

    <p>The proximal check ligament attaches to the superficial digital flexor m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal check ligament correlates/attaches to the ________. (Type complete sentence out)

    <p>the distal check ligament attaches to the deep digital flexor m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is muscle in the equine is referred to as the “suspensory ligament”?

    <p>the interosseous muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extensor branches of the interosseus muscle unite at the tendon of the _________

    <p>The extensor branches of the interosseus muscle unite at the tendon of the common digital extensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interosseus muscle in the equine insert at the proximal sesamoids

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The junction between the hoof and the skin in an equine is known as

    <p>Coronet band (aka coronary band)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following provides the shiny coating to the hoof wall?

    <p>Perioplic dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following produces the hoof wall thickness?

    <p>Coronary dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sesamoidean ligaments in the horse?

    <p>Straight , oblique, and cruciate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Despite the radius and ulna being fused, the equine/bovine can still pronate and supinate

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to downward forces ?

    <p>MC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metacarpal bone in the equine is more susceptible to trauma?

    <p>MC IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the correct order of arterial supply to the equine limb

    <p>Axillary, Brachial, Median, Medial Palmar, Medial and lateral Palmar digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main supply to the distal limb of the equine?

    <p>Median a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broadly describe the branching of arterial supply starting from the median artery in the equine.

    <p>The median artery’s first branch is the radial artery. As the median artery continues, it branches into the medial palmar artery and lateral palmar artery. The medial palmar artery then branches into the palmar digital arteries. These are the lateral palmar digital artery and the medial palmar digital artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The median artery changes names to medial/lateral palmar artery at the level of the ______

    <p>At the level of the carpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what “level” does the medial/palmar arteries change to medial/lateral palmar digital arteries?

    <p>Level of fetlock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two nerves in the equine are at the level of the carpus?

    <p>the median and ulnar nerves are at the level of the carpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerves will you find at the level of the fetlock?

    <p>Medial/lateral palmar nerves and Medial/lateral palmar metacarpal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The median n splits into palmar and dorsal branches, while the ulnar n splits into medial and lateral palmar nerves

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify what each structure of the carpal canal holds down

    <p>Palmar annular ligament = Flexor manica (SDF) tendon of DDF Proximal Digital annular ligament = tendon of SDF and DDF Distal digital annular ligament = Tendon of DDF Flexor retinaculum = Prevents bowing of tendons during contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the interosseous muscle?

    <p>Function is for flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of the Stay Apparatus

    • Reduces energy expenditure needed to maintain an upright standing position, allowing for rest while in a standing posture.
    • Enhances the efficiency of movement, leading to energy conservation during locomotion.

    Standing Posture in Horses

    • Horses naturally maintain a hyperextended state in their fetlock joints while standing.
    • This hyperextension contributes to the stability and balance of the horse, enabling prolonged standing without fatigue.

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    Identify musculoskelatal system of canine and equine, VAN and osteology.

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