Anatomy & Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the respiratory system routes food and air into the correct channels?

Lungs

Trachea

Alveoli

Pharynx (correct)

What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

To assist in gas exchange

To enhance vocal cord vibrations

To regulate airflow into bronchi

To close off the larynx (correct)

During inhalation, what causes air to move into the lungs?

The decrease of pressure in the lungs (correct)

The expulsion of air from alveoli

The contraction of the rib cage

The elevation of the diaphragm

Identifying the respiratory system's normal airflow sequence, which order is correct?

Nares > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea Signup and view all the answers

What primarily assists in expelling mucus and debris away from the lungs?

Cilia in the trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myometrium in the uterus?

To support uterine contractions during childbirth Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male genitalia is commonly removed during circumcision?

Prepuce or foreskin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endometrium in the female reproductive system?

Serve as the site for implantation of a fertilized egg Signup and view all the answers

What are formed elements in the context of whole blood?

The erythrocytes and leukocytes present in blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

Increases blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterine wall is responsible for sloughing off during menstruation?

Endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What role does aldosterone play in the body?

Stimulates potassium excretion Signup and view all the answers

Which component of sperm is responsible for penetrating the egg during fertilization?

Acrosome Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the prostate gland from being confused with the term 'prostrate'?

Function in reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes steroid hormones compared to water-soluble hormones?

Travel bound to transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the male duct system?

Seminal vesicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of diuretics in the body?

Promote dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the testes?

Gonads Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis in the alimentary canal?

To protect the airway from food Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the stomach produces stomach acid?

Parietal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the small intestine in digestion?

Digestion of fats and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What does the residual volume in the lungs refer to?

Air remaining in lungs after expiration Signup and view all the answers

What process propels food down the esophagus?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for the production of bile?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

Reabsorb nutrients and water Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What role do resident bacteria play in the large intestine?

Ferment some nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What does the cardiac sphincter connect?

Esophagus to stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Filter blood and produce urine Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does not participate in gas exchange?

Residual volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of saliva during digestion?

Moisten food and initiate carbohydrate digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system follows the stomach?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Exam 4 - Respiratory System

The respiratory system's visible part is the nose
The nares are the entrances to the nasal cavity
The pharynx is behind the nose and mouth
The nasopharynx is the superior portion of the pharynx
The oropharynx is the middle portion of the pharynx
The laryngopharynx is the inferior portion of the pharynx, attached to the larynx
The larynx routes food and air into the correct channels and plays a role in speech
The epiglottis protects the larynx opening during swallowing, to direct food to the esophagus.
The vocal folds are the true vocal cords
The trachea is lined with cilia that move mucus away from the lungs. The cilia move in the opposite direction of airflow.
The trachea branches to form the bronchi, one for each lung
The primary bronchi supply one lung each
The bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchi and bronchioles.
The lungs are housed in pleural cavities.
Each lung is divided into lobes by deep fissures.
Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.
The nares, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are the normal air flow paths into the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Hypoxia is a low tissue oxygen level.

Lecture Exam 4 - Digestive System

Two major divisions of the digestive system are the alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory digestive organs.
The mouth (oral cavity) is the first site of food mechanical processing.
Mastication is the act of chewing
There are 32 permanent teeth.
Wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
Saliva contains enzymes that begin carbohydrate breakdown, moistens food, and aids in compacting the food bolus. Saliva is not acidic.
Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Epiglottis, and Esophagus are parts of the alimentary canal.
The epiglottis protects the airway from food entering the trachea.
The esophagus enlarges to connect with the stomach at the cardiac sphincter. Food boluses are pushed down by peristalsis (wave-like muscular contractions).
The stomach is a digestive and endocrine organ.
Lesser/Greater curvature, distal portion (pylorus), and rugae are stomach anatomical features.
Parietal cells secrete stomach acid, while gastric intrinsic factor aids vitamin B12 absorption. Antacids block histamine receptors in parietal cells which affect stomach acid production.
The small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) dehydrates indigestible materials.
The cecum and appendix are parts of the large intestine, along with the ascending, transverse, and descending colons, and sigmoid colon. The large intestine dehydrates indigestible materials.
The rectum and anus are parts of the alimentary canal.
Accessory digestive organs include salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular), pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
Salivary glands produce saliva, regulated by: food entering the mouth, chewing (gum, rubber band), and emotional stimulus (such as thinking of your favorite food). The parotid, sublingual and mandibular glands produce saliva. Parasympathetic fibers in cranial nerves VII and IX control salivation.
The pancreas produces enzymes (e.g., for starches, fats, and proteins and nucleic acids) for the digestive tract. The pancreas secretes the enzymes into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
The liver is the largest gland and produces bile. Bile travels through the common hepatic duct, then through a bile duct to enter the duodenum. Hepatic portal circulation collects absorbed nutrients for metabolic processes in the liver.
The gallbladder stores bile. Bile from the gall bladder travels through the cystic duct and common bile duct to enter the duodenum when needed. The common bile duct is formed from the common hepatic duct and cystic duct.
Digestion is the release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium and the breakdown food into nutrient molecules for the body's use.

Lecture Exam 4 - Urinary System

The urinary system's organs are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Kidney functions include eliminating waste products in urine, producing renin to maintain blood pressure, producing erythropoietin for red blood cell production, converting vitamin D to an active form, maintaining water balance, maintaining electrolyte balance, and ensuring proper blood pH.
Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys, made up of the renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and the renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule).
The glomerulus is responsible for filtration, while filtration rate is controlled by renal autoregulation, hormonal regulation, and neural regulation.
The proximal convoluted tubule actively transports material. The thin segment of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) passively moves water out of the tubule.
Ureters are slender tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder.
Retroperitoneal organs like ureters are posterior to the peritoneal cavity.
The urinary bladder is a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac made up of transitional epithelium.
Micturition is voiding the bladder.
The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Females' urethras carry only urine, and males' urethras carry urine and sperm.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes collecting ducts to become permeable to water to prevent excessive water loss in the urine and increase water reabsorption.
Aldosterone is signaled by plasma potassium concentration and angiotensin II. For each sodium ion reabsorbed, a chloride ion follows and a potassium ion is secreted. Water follows sodium back into the blood passively.
Lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life; steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane, and their action duration is longer.
The Renin-Angiotensin mechanism triggers aldosterone release, where low blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin, resulting in reactions that produce angiotensin II for vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, and increased blood pressure and blood volume.
Urine production pathway includes nephrons, collecting ducts, minor calyces, major calyces, ureters, and urethra.

Lecture Exam 4 - Reproductive System

Gonads (primary sex organs) and gametes (sex cells) form the reproductive system
Testes are the primary sex organs of males who produce sperm.
Ovaries are the primary sex organs of females who produce ova (egg)
The male duct system includes the spermatic cord, epididymis, ductus deferens, and urethra, which transport sperm from the body.
Accessory male glands such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands produce seminal fluid that activate sperm and clean the urethra prior to ejaculation. The seminal vesicles produce nutritious fluid that activates sperm. The prostate gland's fluid activates sperm. The bulbourethral glands' fluid cleans the urethra prior to ejaculation.
Semen is the mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions; it is milky white and sticky.
Sperm consists of a head with DNA and an acrosome, similar to lysosomes, to help penetrate the egg for fertilization. Also, sperm has filaments.
A distinction between Prostate and prostrate: Prostate is a noun that's part of the male reproductive system; prostrate is an adjective describing a lying position, facing downwards (such as a posture of reverence or submission).
The external male genitalia include the scrotum (a divided sac of skin containing the testes), the shaft, and glans penis (enlarged tip), and prepuce or foreskin.
The female ovary follicles contain immature eggs. Ovulation occurs when eggs mature and the follicle ruptures. The ovaries are suspended in the pelvis by ligaments.
The female duct system includes uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina to transport ova to the ovum for fertilization and develop the fetus. The broad ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis, and the uterine tubes and round ligament and uterosacral ligament help anchor the uterus.
The thick wall of the uterus comprises the endometrium (inner layer, implantation site), myometrium (middle layer of uterine wall, active during childbirth), and perimetrium (outer layer of visceral peritoneum). The endometrium sloughs off during menstruation.
The external female genitalia include the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, and greater vestibular glands, which produce lubricating secretions.

Lecture Exam 3 Review- Blood

A blood sample will be a sample of whole blood, which is the combination of plasma and formed elements.
Plasma accounts for ~55% of blood volume.
Formed elements make up ~45% of blood volume, and the Buffy coat is <1% of blood volume.
Formed elements include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets
Production of these formed elements occurs in red bone marrow in adults.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Blood - Formed Elements

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are measured using hematocrit.
Red blood cell production is stimulated by erythropoietin.
Red blood cells lack nuclei and are essentially hemoglobin bags.
Hemoglobin binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity results in anemia.
White blood cells (leukocytes, especially neutrophils) are part of the body’s defense against infectious organisms and are phagocytic. White blood cells are guided to invading pathogens by positive chemotaxis. Other white blood cells include lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils
Platelets are cytoplasm fragments, important in clot formation, and platelet plug formation is positive feedback.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Blood - Blood Types

Blood type is determined by specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
Antigens are substances recognized by the body as foreign, triggering an immune system response.
Antibodies bind to foreign antigens, and the body tolerates its own antigens.
AB blood type has both A and B antigens and is a universal recipient, and O blood type has no A or B antigens, making it the universal donor.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Cardiovascular System - Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is also known as vascular resistance; it is highest in the aorta, and decreases as blood travels towards capillaries. Blood pressure is measured as the pressure in the arteries.
Blood pressure has two numbers—systolic (first/top number, measured during contraction) and diastolic (second/bottom number, measured during relaxation).
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is pulse pressure.
Blood pressure drives blood flow and resistance slows blood flow.
Sympathetic nervous system neurons increase blood pressure (fight or flight)

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Cardiovascular System - Heart Structure and Function

The heart is located within the inferior mediastinum, enclosed in the pericardial cavity.
Heart walls have three layers: epicardium (outer layer / visceral pericardium), myocardium (muscle layer of the heart), and endocardium (heart chamber lining).
The atria, separated by interatrial septum, are responsible for collecting blood returning to the heart, while the ventricles, separated by interventricular septum, are for ejecting blood. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body.
Heart valves (atrioventricular/tricuspid/mitral and semilunar/aortic/pulmonary) regulate unidirectional blood flow. Chordae tendinae anchor valve cusps, and semilunar valves guard the bases of the large arteries leaving the ventricles.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Cardiovascular System - Blood Flow

Systematic circuit blood flow starts at the aorta, and blood enters the systemic circuit, which carries blood to and from most of the body. Peripheral vessels such as the aorta, arteries and arterioles and then capillaries deliver blood throughout the body.
Capillaries allow the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste between blood and tissues, delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.
Venules and veins return blood from capillaries to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava.
In the pulmonary circuit, right atrium receives blood, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries and then the pulmonary circuit.
In the systemic circuit, blood flows from the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, and left ventricle, and the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta, and back to the right atrium through the veins.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Cardiovascular System - Intrinsic Conduction System

Cardiac cells contract independently and heart muscles can contract automatically. Cardiac cells connect to each other with intercalated discs
The intrinsic conduction system coordinates heart muscle contraction.
The main components, such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, regulate and coordinate heart contractions. This system enables action potentials to spread through the heart, and is graphical and demonstrated by an ECG or EKG.
The P wave/QRS complex/T wave on and ECG/EKG are representative of action potential, depolarization, and repolarization, and a plateau period, in the cardiac muscle cells.
Different rates of heart rate, Tachycardia and Bradycardia can be attributed to abnormalities in the conducting system.

Lecture Exam 3 Review - Cardiovascular System - Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle is composed of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of heart chambers. Atrial diastole passively fills ventricles while atrial systole completes ventricular filling. Ventricular systole ejects blood, while isovolumetric relaxation passively fills ventricles.
Heart sounds (Lub/Dup) are created by valve closing sounds, where “lub” is the first sound caused by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole, and “dup” is the second sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves.

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - The Human Body

Anatomy studies the body's structure, while physiology studies its function.
Structure determines the function.
Anatomy approaches include gross anatomy (observation of large structures), regional anatomy (focused study of specific areas), and microscopic anatomy (study of small structures with a microscope or other imaging equipment)
Physiology is further categorized into approaches such as: neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiac physiology (heart). An example category of study would be the nervous system.
Organization of the body from smallest to largest: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - Organ Systems Overview

Integumentary system - External protection, synthesizes vitamin D, and contains sensory receptors and is involved in sweat and oil gland secretion.
Skeletal system - Supports and protects body organs, provides a framework for muscle attachment, and is involved in blood cell production, mineral storage.
Muscular system - Allows manipulation of the environment, supports body structures and maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Nervous system - Fast-acting control system, activates muscles and glands, and contains processes such as internal and external changes.
Cardiovascular system - Transports blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and eliminate waste, and is responsible for nutrient and waste transport in the body.
Lymphatic system - Immune response, returns leaked fluids, and filters out waste.
Respiratory system - Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Digestive system - Breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients, eliminated indigestible food, and maintains blood by eliminating waste, controlling water volume, regulating acid-base balance, and regulating electrolyte balance.

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - Anatomical Position, Terms, and Planes

Anatomical position is a standardized reference point (e.g., feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, palms forward).
Directional terms include anterior (front), posterior (back), proximal (closer to origin), distal (further from origin), superior (toward head), inferior (away from head), lateral (side), and medial (midline).
Body planes include the median (divides body into right and left), frontal (divides body into front and back), and transverse (divides body into top and bottom).
Regional anatomy terms (such as axillary - armpit, brachial - arm, antebrachial - forearm, carpal - wrist, etc.) are important for describing specific body parts.
Body cavities (such as dorsal - cranial and spinal cavities, and ventral - thoracic and abdominal/pelvic cavities) enclose and protect organs.

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - Necessary Life Functions

Body maintaining boundaries, ensuring that the inside is different from the outside environment
Movement to aid in interaction with the environment
Responsiveness to changes to stimulus in the environment
Digestion of useful molecules from food
Metabolism of chemical reactions in the body
Excretion to help and remove unwanted wastes
Reproduction to create future generations
Growth to increase the size of cells and the size of the organism

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, such as body temperature (e.g., 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit; high temperature leads to metabolic reactions proceeding too quickly breaking down proteins, and low temperature leads to reactions proceeding too slowly to meet demands). An example of a positive feedback loop is thirst, where drink water to return to homeostasis and no longer thirsty.
Negative feedback loops are more common in homeostasis than positive feedback loops.

Lecture Review 1 - Chapter 1 - Feedback Loops

Feedback loops involve components like receptors (sense change), control centers (determine set point and action), and effectors (make adjustments).
Example feedback loop is blood sugar regulation, where a receptor senses low blood sugar, the control center determines an action (converting glycogen to glucose in the liver), and the effector returns blood sugar to a stable level.

Lecture Review 2 - Chapter 2 - Chemistry Review

Forms of energy include chemical (stored in chemical bonds), electrical (movement of charged particles), mechanical (directly involved in moving matter), and radiant (energy of the electromagnetic spectrum).
Energy in the human body uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the primary source of energy.
Atoms include the subatomic particles protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), and neutrons (uncharged).
Elements are identified by an atomic number (number of protons) and atomic mass number (number of protons + neutrons).
Chemical bonds are energy relationships between atomic electrons, and include electron shells that ring around atoms, where the outer/valence shell is most important (e.g., rule of eights).
Types of chemical bonds include ionic (electron transfer between atoms), covalent (electron sharing between atoms), and hydrogen (extremely weak attraction between molecules).
Properties of water include high heat capacity, solvent capability, chemical reactivity, and cushioning.
Acids and bases have characteristics such as sour taste/burning, and base characteristics of bitter tastes/feeling slippery respectively, and are identified by pH, which is a scale based on the number of protons, where a neutral pH =7, acids have values less than 7, and bases have values greater than 7.

Lecture Review 2 - Chapter 2 - Organic Compounds

Organic compounds (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are essential to life in the body; examples include:
Carbohydrates - major energy source, including monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides ("double sugars"), and polysaccharides ("many sugars")
Lipids - triglycerides (neutral fats), phospholipids (composed of glycerol and two fatty acids), and steroids (chemical messengers).
Proteins - amino acids, form polypeptides, to construct proteins, including structural levels such as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels.
Enzymes - proteins that accelerate chemical reactions (i.e., metabolic processes) without becoming part of the product or being changed themselves.
Nucleic acids - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material within cell nucleus; provides instructions for building body proteins), and RNA (ribonucleic acid, bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil).

Lecture Review 3 - Cells and Tissues

The cell theory states that cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, and their activities depend on collective actions and are dictated by their structure and function.
All cells have three main parts: nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm.
The nucleus has three structures: the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin.
The plasma membrane keeps cell contents separate from the surrounding environment and is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with specialized proteins regulating substance transport. Specialized functions of the plasma membrane include detection of extra-cellular materials, and identification of self from non-self.
Cytoplasm is cellular material within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, and organelles are housed within the cytoplasm.
Examples of organelles include mitochondria (produce energy), ribosomes (protein synthesis), endoplasmic reticulum (channel system for transport), Golgi apparatus (modify, package, and ship proteins), lysosomes (digestive enzymes), peroxisomes (detoxify), cytoskeleton (cell framework), and centrioles (generate microtubules and mitotic spindle).
Cell extensions such as cilia, flagellum (used for movement) and microvilli (increase surface area for absorption).
Cell physiology involves selective permeability, active and passive transport, and cell division and protein synthesis.

Lecture Review 4 - Skeletal System

Bones support soft tissues, protect internal organs, facilitate movement (muscle attachment and forming joints), and store minerals like calcium and fat (yellow marrow).
Bone types include long bones (longer than wide, most limb bones), short bones (roughly cube-shaped, wrist and ankle bones), sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella), flat bones (flat and curved, e.g., cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula), and irregular bones (complex shapes, e.g., vertebrae, hip bones).
Long bone structure involves the diaphysis (long shaft), epiphysis (ends), and articular cartilage (covers ends of bones, providing shock absorption).
Bone cells include osteoblasts (secrete bone matrix), osteocytes (main bone cells), and osteoclasts (responsible for bone resorption).
Compact bone makes up the outer portions of bones/diaphysis, comprised of osteons and lamellae. Spongy bone is located between compact bone and the marrow, and is composed of lamellae arranged in trabeculae. .- Ossification (bone formation) occurs in two manners: intramembranous (bone forms within a connective tissue membrane) and endochondral (cartilage forms the model for bone's development).
Bone growth is dependent on the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). The cartilage at the epiphyseal plate grows toward the epiphyseal ends of the bone, and once growth is complete cartilage is replaced by bone.
The skeletal system is composed of two categories: axial (skull, vertebral column, coccyx, ribs, and sternum) and appendicular skeletons.
Bone features like tuberosity (rounded projection), crest (narrow ridge), notch (indentation), meatus (tunnel-like passageway), and foramen (round/oval opening) define specific features of bones.

Lecture Review 4 - Muscular System

Muscle types are skeletal (striated, voluntary), cardiac (striated, involuntary), and smooth (not striated, involuntary).
Muscle functions include movement, heat production (primarily from skeletal muscle - shivering), and maintaining posture and stabilizing joints.
Skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are large, sometimes centimeters long; they contain sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) and sarcolemma (plasma membrane). Includes other components such as myofibrils, sarcomeres, myofilaments (actin/myosin). These features affect how contraction occurs with specialized smooth ER, T-tubules, and endomysia.
Muscle contraction sequences involve nerve impulses, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, calcium ion release, ATP-driven power stroke/sliding of filaments, and the sliding filament model. T tubules from the sarcolemma of the muscle cell and send signals into the muscle fiber to coordinate muscle contraction.
Various pathways occur in order for the correct energy to fuel the muscle contraction, such as direct phosphorylation, aerobic pathway, and anaerobic pathway.
Muscle fibers have diverse types, including slow oxidative (postural control), fast oxidative (walking), and fast glycolytic (lifting). ATP is the sole source of energy for muscle contraction. After death, ATP is not replenished, which causes the loss of action potential leading to rigor mortis, muscle contraction.
Neuromuscular connections occur with the use of neurotransmitters such as Acetylcholine, that crosses a synaptic cleft from the motor neuron to initiate the muscle cell action potential. The latent period is a short period immediately following arrival of the stimulus when the muscle receives the neurotransmitter and the muscle fiber depolarizes. After nervous stimulation stops, acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, thus preventing further stimulation.

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Test your knowledge on the human respiratory and reproductive systems with this quiz. It covers topics such as the functions of various organs, the processes of inhalation and menstruation, as well as hormonal mechanisms. Ideal for students studying anatomy and physiology.