Questions and Answers
Which term describes the breakdown of complex molecules within a cell?
ATP is considered the energy currency of cells.
True
What are the two types of essential amino acids?
Essential and Nonessential
In enthalpy of reaction, a reaction that absorbs heat is called __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of enzyme?
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Match the following types of enzymes with their functions:
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be created and destroyed.
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What is a cofactor in enzyme activity?
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What can result from a mutation at the active site of an enzyme?
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Inhibitors that compete for the active site of an enzyme are called non-competitive inhibitors.
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What is the process called that hydrolyzes polysaccharides into monosaccharides?
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Negative feedback is a mechanism in which a product acts to ______ the production of itself.
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Match the following metabolic processes with their conditions:
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Which factor directly increases enzyme activity?
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Temperature affects enzyme activity only when it is too low.
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What is produced from the oxidation of pyruvate in cellular respiration?
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Which of the following correctly describes an endothermic reaction?
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The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
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What is the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?
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The __________ law of thermodynamics relates to entropy.
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Match the following enzyme types with their functions:
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Which molecule is considered the primary energy carrier in cells?
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Nonessential amino acids must be consumed in the diet.
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Name two components that make up a holoenzyme.
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What is the primary effect of a mutation at the active site of an enzyme?
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Temperature changes can lead to enzyme denaturation.
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What happens to enzyme activity when substrate concentration increases while enzyme concentration remains constant?
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Inhibitors that bind to a site other than the active site are known as __________ inhibitors.
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Match the metabolic process with its condition:
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Which of the following mechanisms acts to decrease the production of itself?
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An increase in enzyme concentration will not affect product formation if substrate levels are low.
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What are the two types of fermentation?
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Study Notes
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism encompasses all reactions within an organism.
- Catabolism involves the breakdown of substances, while anabolism focuses on the synthesis of compounds.
Growth Requirements
- Essential elements for growth include carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) - COHN.
- Additional requirements consist of trace elements, vitamins, sugars, and amino acids.
- Amino acids are categorized into essential (must be obtained through diet) and nonessential types.
Energy Requirements
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the primary energy currency in cells.
- Most cellular energy is derived from photosynthesis.
Laws of Thermodynamics
- The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- The Second Law introduces the concept of entropy, indicating that systems tend toward disorder.
- The Third Law asserts that at absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero.
Enthalpy of Reaction
- Endothermic reactions absorb heat, indicated by a positive change in enthalpy (+ΔH).
- Exothermic reactions release heat, indicated by a negative change in enthalpy (-ΔH).
Enzymology
- Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower activation energy, regulate metabolic pathways, and significantly increase reaction rates.
- Enzymes can exist in active or inactive forms.
Types of Enzymes
- Oxidoreductase: Alters oxidation states.
- Transferase: Transfers functional groups.
- Hydrolase: Splits molecules using water.
- Lyase: Splits molecules without using water.
- Isomerase: Rearranges molecules.
- Ligase: Joins molecules together.
- Protease: Breaks down proteins.
Enzyme Components
- Apoenzyme: The protein part of an enzyme.
- Cofactor: Non-protein substance, often a trace element such as Mg++ or Ca++.
- Coenzyme: A vitamin that assists enzyme function.
- Holoenzyme: The complete active enzyme, comprised of an apoenzyme combined with its cofactor and/or coenzyme.
Enzyme Action
- The reaction sequence includes enzyme + substrate(s) forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which then leads to products.
- Mutations at the active site result in loss of enzymatic activity, whereas mutations at other sites can modify enzymatic function.
Metabolic Control
- pH affects enzyme charge and structure; extreme pH levels may denature enzymes.
- Temperature impacts enzyme activity: high temperatures may cause reversible or irreversible denaturation, while low temperatures can reduce activity.
- Enzyme concentration positively correlates with product formation when substrates are in excess.
- Substrate concentration positively correlates with product formation when enzymes are in excess.
- Negative feedback mechanisms reduce production rates, while positive feedback mechanisms enhance production.
- Equilibrium in metabolic reactions can lead to cellular death.
- Inhibitors can be competitive (binding to the active site) or non-competitive (altering enzyme function by binding elsewhere).
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides are broken down into disaccharides and further hydrolyzed into monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are typically converted into glucose.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
- If oxygen is absent, fermentation processes such as lactic acid and alcohol fermentation occur.
- In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration processes like pyruvate oxidation are initiated.
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism encompasses all reactions within an organism.
- Catabolism involves the breakdown of substances, while anabolism focuses on the synthesis of compounds.
Growth Requirements
- Essential elements for growth include carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) - COHN.
- Additional requirements consist of trace elements, vitamins, sugars, and amino acids.
- Amino acids are categorized into essential (must be obtained through diet) and nonessential types.
Energy Requirements
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the primary energy currency in cells.
- Most cellular energy is derived from photosynthesis.
Laws of Thermodynamics
- The First Law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- The Second Law introduces the concept of entropy, indicating that systems tend toward disorder.
- The Third Law asserts that at absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero.
Enthalpy of Reaction
- Endothermic reactions absorb heat, indicated by a positive change in enthalpy (+ΔH).
- Exothermic reactions release heat, indicated by a negative change in enthalpy (-ΔH).
Enzymology
- Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower activation energy, regulate metabolic pathways, and significantly increase reaction rates.
- Enzymes can exist in active or inactive forms.
Types of Enzymes
- Oxidoreductase: Alters oxidation states.
- Transferase: Transfers functional groups.
- Hydrolase: Splits molecules using water.
- Lyase: Splits molecules without using water.
- Isomerase: Rearranges molecules.
- Ligase: Joins molecules together.
- Protease: Breaks down proteins.
Enzyme Components
- Apoenzyme: The protein part of an enzyme.
- Cofactor: Non-protein substance, often a trace element such as Mg++ or Ca++.
- Coenzyme: A vitamin that assists enzyme function.
- Holoenzyme: The complete active enzyme, comprised of an apoenzyme combined with its cofactor and/or coenzyme.
Enzyme Action
- The reaction sequence includes enzyme + substrate(s) forming an enzyme-substrate complex, which then leads to products.
- Mutations at the active site result in loss of enzymatic activity, whereas mutations at other sites can modify enzymatic function.
Metabolic Control
- pH affects enzyme charge and structure; extreme pH levels may denature enzymes.
- Temperature impacts enzyme activity: high temperatures may cause reversible or irreversible denaturation, while low temperatures can reduce activity.
- Enzyme concentration positively correlates with product formation when substrates are in excess.
- Substrate concentration positively correlates with product formation when enzymes are in excess.
- Negative feedback mechanisms reduce production rates, while positive feedback mechanisms enhance production.
- Equilibrium in metabolic reactions can lead to cellular death.
- Inhibitors can be competitive (binding to the active site) or non-competitive (altering enzyme function by binding elsewhere).
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides are broken down into disaccharides and further hydrolyzed into monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides are typically converted into glucose.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
- If oxygen is absent, fermentation processes such as lactic acid and alcohol fermentation occur.
- In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration processes like pyruvate oxidation are initiated.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of metabolism from the course BIOL 2001 C by Ibanez. Explore the totality of an organism's reactions, including catabolism and anabolism, as well as essential growth requirements. Test your understanding of nutrients such as COHN and vitamins and their role in biological processes.
