Metabolism, Catabolism and Anabolism

• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism, encompassing both catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
• Catabolism involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process
• Anabolism involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
• Enzymatic reactions are highly specific, with each enzyme typically catalyzing a single type of reaction
• Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to generate ATP, the main energy currency of the cell
• Metabolic pathways are series of interconnected enzymatic reactions that convert a starting molecule into a final product
• Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, or cyclic
• Enzymes are crucial for metabolism, facilitating biochemical reactions with specificity
• Catabolic reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules
• Anabolic reactions require energy to synthesize complex molecules
• Enzymes act as catalysts to lower the activation energy of metabolic reactions
• Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose to produce ATP
• Metabolic pathways are sequential reactions controlled by enzymes

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up biochemical reactions
• Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur
• Enzymes are highly specific, with each enzyme typically binding to a specific substrate and catalyzing a specific reaction
• The active site is the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs
• Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze and can be used repeatedly
• Enzyme activity can be affected by factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
• Enzymes have an active site where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction
• Enzymes are not consumed during the reaction and can be reused
• Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration influence enzyme activity
• Enzymes increase the rate of biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Catabolism

• Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the form of ATP
• Catabolic pathways often involve the oxidation of molecules, releasing electrons
• Examples of catabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
• Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones
• Energy is released during catabolism, often stored as ATP
• Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are catabolic pathways

Anabolism

• Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input in the form of ATP
• Anabolic pathways often involve the reduction of molecules, requiring electrons
• Examples of anabolic pathways include protein synthesis, DNA replication, and photosynthesis
• Anabolic reactions synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
• Energy, usually ATP, is required for anabolic processes
• Protein synthesis, DNA replication, and photosynthesis are anabolic pathways

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to generate ATP, the main energy currency of the cell
• Cellular respiration involves a series of reactions, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
• The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria and oxidizes pyruvate to carbon dioxide, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria and uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis
• Cellular respiration is an aerobic process, requiring oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
• Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the main stages
• The process requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor
• ATP is the main energy currency produced during cellular respiration
• Metabolic pathways are enzyme-catalyzed reactions in sequential order

Metabolic Pathways

• Metabolic pathways are series of interconnected enzymatic reactions that convert a starting molecule into a final product
• Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, or cyclic
• Each step in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
• Metabolic pathways are often regulated by feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway
• Metabolic pathways are regulated to maintain homeostasis and ensure that the cell has the appropriate supply of energy and building blocks
• Metabolic pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
• Pathways can be linear, branched, or cyclic in nature
• Feedback inhibition regulates metabolic pathways to maintain balance
• Each step is facilitated by a specific enzyme