Anatomy & Physiology for Paramedics I Quiz

Study Notes

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Define structural levels: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Distinguish between atom, molecule, and ion.
Distinguish ions in solution based on experimental data (electrical conductivity, water mixing).
Describe the functional importance of ions/molecules in the human body, and list elements and symbols for major ions in & between cells.
Differentiate between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.
Differentiate between polar and non-polar covalent bonds.
Differentiate between hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non-polar) biomolecules, based on mixing with water & electron sharing.

Laboratory: Preparation for Spinal Cord Lab (pre-lab H5P)
Theory: Quiz - Wednesday, October 9th; Unit 1 Test - Wednesday, October 16th

Atoms: the smallest component of an element maintaining the element's properties
Molecules: two or more atoms joined together by bonds where electrons are given or shared
Organelles: structures formed by molecules
Cells: the basic unit of life
Tissues: similar cells grouped for a specific function
Organs: tissues combined for a specific function
Organ systems: organs working together
Organism: multiple organ systems coordinating for survival

Describe biomolecules (Structure and function of each class).
Identify molecules from chemical formulas or shapes.
Identify the locations of biomolecules within a cell (organelles).
Define components of biomolecules (monomers, intermediates, polymers).
- Carbohydrates: monomers/monosaccharides, intermediates/disaccharides, polymers/polysaccharides.
- Proteins: monomers/amino acids, intermediates/peptide sequence, polymers/protein (differentiate between globular & fibrous).
- Lipids: monomers/fatty acids, glycerol, polymers/triglyceride, phospholipids, steroids.
Describe functional importance of biomolecules in the human body, emphasizing metabolic imbalances (hyperthermia, acidosis) that can denature proteins.

Cells contain four main types of biomolecules: lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Biomolecules are polymers built from smaller, repeating units called monomers.
Understanding the structure and function of biomolecules is crucial for comprehending cellular processes.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, breaking down starch into disaccharides.
The stomach does not further digest carbohydrates because enzymes do not function at its high pH.
In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase continues starch digestion, while enzymes like lactase, maltase, and sucrase break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
These monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) are absorbed and enter the bloodstream.

Lipid digestion begins in the mouth, continuing in the stomach. Bile from the liver emulsifies large lipid droplets, breaking them into smaller droplets.
Pancreatic lipases break down triglycerides in the small intestine into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Absorbed fatty acids & glycerol are reassembled into triglycerides and enter lymphatic capillaries.

Protein digestion starts in the stomach where gastric acid denatures proteins, and pepsin breaks them into smaller polypeptides.
In the small intestine, pancreatic peptidases further break down polypeptide chains into shorter peptides and dipeptides.
Final digestion of dipeptides into individual amino acids occurs on the border of the small intestine cells.
The individual amino acids are absorbed into the blood through the intestinal lining.