Anatomy Overview and Types

Gross Anatomy
- Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Includes surface anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy
- Study of structures at the cellular and tissue levels.
- Involves histology (study of tissues) and cytology (study of cells).
Developmental Anatomy
- Focuses on the changes in form and structure from conception to adulthood.
- Includes embryology (development before birth).
Comparative Anatomy
- Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
- Helps understand evolutionary relationships.
Functional Anatomy
- Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
- Important in understanding biomechanics and physiology.

Anatomical Position: Standard position of the body used as a reference point (standing, feet together, arms at sides, palms forward).
Directional Terms:
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Anterior (ventral): Front
- Posterior (dorsal): Back
- Medial: Closer to the midline
- Lateral: Farther from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment

Skeletal System
- Composed of bones and joints.
- Provides structure, support, and protection.
Muscular System
- Comprises muscles that allow movement.
- Includes three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Nervous System
- Controls and coordinates bodily functions.
- Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Circulatory System
- Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste.
- Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Respiratory System
- Responsible for gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
- Comprises the lungs, trachea, and associated structures.
Digestive System
- Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
- Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
Endocrine System
- Regulates bodily functions through hormones.
- Includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Urinary System
- Eliminates waste and regulates water balance.
- Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Reproductive System
- Responsible for producing offspring.
- Includes male (testes, penis) and female (ovaries, uterus) reproductive organs.

Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Anatomical Variations: Normal differences in anatomy between individuals.
Integration of Systems: Body systems work in coordination to perform complex functions.

Use diagrams to visualize anatomical structures.
Familiarize yourself with anatomical terminology for better communication.
Engage in practical applications, such as dissections or models, for hands-on learning.

Anatomy studies the structure of organisms, including organs, systems, and tissues.

Gross Anatomy:
- Studies visible structures, including surface anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy:
- Focuses on cellular and tissue levels through histology (tissues) and cytology (cells).
Developmental Anatomy:
- Examines changes from conception to adulthood, including embryology (pre-birth development).
Comparative Anatomy:
- Analyzes anatomical similarities and differences among species to understand evolutionary relationships.
Functional Anatomy:
- Investigates how the structure of body parts relates to their function, important for biomechanics and physiology.

Anatomical Position:
- Standard reference position: standing, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
Directional Terms:
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Anterior: Front
- Posterior: Back
- Medial: Closer to the midline
- Lateral: Farther from the midline
- Proximal: Nearer to point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from point of attachment

Skeletal System:
- Composed of bones and joints, providing structure, support, and protection.
Muscular System:
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that facilitate movement.
Nervous System:
- Controls bodily functions and is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Circulatory System:
- Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste through the heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System:
- Responsible for gas exchange using lungs and trachea.
Digestive System:
- Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients via organs including the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
Endocrine System:
- Regulates functions through hormones produced by glands like the pituitary and thyroid.
Urinary System:
- Eliminates waste and regulates water balance with kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Reproductive System:
- Responsible for offspring production, comprising male and female reproductive organs.

Homeostasis:
- The ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Anatomical Variations:
- Normal differences in anatomy between individuals.
Integration of Systems:
- Body systems coordinate to perform complex functions effectively.

Use diagrams for better visualization of anatomical structures.
Familiarize with anatomical terminology for improved communication.
Engage in practical applications like dissections or models for hands-on learning.